PMID- 36175843
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20221003
IS  - 1865-1372 (Print)
IS  - 1865-1380 (Electronic)
IS  - 1865-1372 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Sep 29
TI  - Poisoning with central stimulant drugs: an observational study from Oslo, Norway.
PG  - 54
LID - 10.1186/s12245-022-00457-x [doi]
LID - 54
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of central stimulant drugs causes significant morbidity. We 
      describe poisonings with central stimulant drugs and compare the different 
      central stimulants concerning combinations with other drugs, treatment, and 
      clinical course.  METHODS: Patients presenting from 1 October 2013 to 31 March 
      2016 with poisoning related to the recreational use of central stimulant drugs 
      were retrospectively included at a primary care emergency outpatient clinic and 
      at a hospital emergency department in Oslo, Norway. Diagnosis of toxic agents was 
      mainly based on the clinical assessment of the doctor treating the patient. 
      Amphetamine and methamphetamine were co-categorized as amphetamine. RESULTS: 
      Among the 1131 cases of acute poisoning with central stimulant drugs at the 
      outpatient clinic, amphetamine was involved in 808 (71.4%), cocaine in 252 
      (22.3%) methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in 104 (9.2%), and methylphenidate 
      in 13 (1.1%). Among the 211 cases at the hospital, amphetamine was involved in 
      167 (79.1%), cocaine in 60 (28.4%), and MDMA in 38 (18.0%). Amphetamine was 
      frequently combined with opioids (40.1% at the outpatient clinic and 41.9% at the 
      hospital) and benzodiazepines (28.3% and 45.5%), while MDMA often was combined 
      with ethanol (64.4% and 71.1%), as was cocaine (62.7% and 61.7%). Sedation was 
      given in 5.2% and 38.4% of cases, naloxone in 9.4% and 37.0%, and flumazenil in 
      0.1% and 28.0%. In total, 16.5% of the cases at the outpatient clinic were 
      transferred to a hospital for medical review and 8.5% to a psychiatric hospital. 
      Among the hospital patients, 92.9% were admitted to intensive care. CONCLUSION: 
      Amphetamine was the most common central stimulant drug involved in acute 
      poisoning in Oslo, often combined with opioids and benzodiazepines.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Ingebrigtsen, Erlend
AU  - Ingebrigtsen E
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
AD  - Department of Surgery, Orkdal Hospital, St Olav's Hospital, Orkdal, Norway.
FAU - Persett, Per Sverre
AU  - Persett PS
AD  - Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Brekke, Mette
AU  - Brekke M
AD  - General Practice Research Unit, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Heyerdahl, Fridtjof
AU  - Heyerdahl F
AD  - Air Ambulance Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
AD  - The Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway.
AD  - Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Hovda, Knut Erik
AU  - Hovda KE
AD  - Department of Acute Medicine, The Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine, Oslo 
      University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
FAU - Vallersnes, Odd Martin
AU  - Vallersnes OM
AD  - Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 
      o.m.vallersnes@medisin.uio.no.
AD  - Department of Emergency General Practice, Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient 
      Clinic, City of Oslo Health Agency, Oslo, Norway. o.m.vallersnes@medisin.uio.no.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220929
PL  - England
TA  - Int J Emerg Med
JT  - International journal of emergency medicine
JID - 101469435
PMC - PMC9520889
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Amphetamine
OT  - Central stimulant drugs
OT  - Cocaine
OT  - Ecstasy
OT  - MDMA
OT  - Methamphetamine
OT  - NPS
OT  - Poisoning
OT  - Recreational drugs
OT  - Toxicity
COIS- The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/09/30 06:00
MHDA- 2022/09/30 06:01
PMCR- 2022/09/29
CRDT- 2022/09/29 23:44
PHST- 2022/05/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/09/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/09/29 23:44 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/09/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/09/30 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12245-022-00457-x [pii]
AID - 457 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12245-022-00457-x [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Emerg Med. 2022 Sep 29;15(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s12245-022-00457-x.