PMID- 36222367
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230217
LR  - 20230217
IS  - 1471-9053 (Electronic)
IS  - 0032-0781 (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Feb 16
TI  - Cardenolide Increase in Foxglove after 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Treatment Reveals a 
      Potential Link between Cardenolide and Phytosterol Biosynthesis.
PG  - 107-116
LID - 10.1093/pcp/pcac144 [doi]
AB  - Cardenolides are steroidal metabolites in Digitalis lanata with potent 
      cardioactive effects on animals. In plants, cardenolides are likely involved in 
      various stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of cardenolide 
      increase during stresses is mostly unknown. Additionally, cardenolides are 
      proposed to arise from cholesterol, but indirect results show that phytosterols 
      may also be substrates for cardenolide biosynthesis. Here, we show that 
      cardenolides increased after methyl jasmonate (MJ), sorbitol, potassium chloride 
      (KCl) and salicylic acid analog [2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH)] treatments. 
      However, the expression of three known genes for cardenolide biosynthesis did not 
      correlate well with these increases. Specifically, the expression of 
      progesterone-5beta-reductases (P5betaR and P5betaR2) did not correlate with the 
      cardenolide increase. The expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD) 
      correlated with changes in cardenolide levels only during the BTH treatment. 
      Mining the D. lanata transcriptome identified genes involved in cholesterol and 
      phytosterol biosynthesis: C24 sterol sidechain reductase 1 (SSR1), C4 sterol 
      methyl oxidase 1, and 3 (SMO1 and SMO3). Surprisingly, the expression of all 
      three genes correlated well with the cardenolide increase after the BTH 
      treatment. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SSR1 is likely involved in both 
      cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In addition, SMO1 is likely specific to 
      phytosterol biosynthesis, and SMO3 is specific to cholesterol biosynthesis. These 
      results suggest that stress-induced increase of cardenolides in foxglove may 
      correlate with cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In summary, this work 
      shows that cardenolides are important for stress responses in D. lanata and 
      reveals a potential link between phytosterol and cardenolide biosynthesis.
CI  - (c) The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese 
      Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please 
      e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
FAU - Raghavan, Indu
AU  - Raghavan I
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of 
      New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
FAU - Ravi Gopal, Baradwaj
AU  - Ravi Gopal B
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of 
      New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
FAU - Carroll, Emily
AU  - Carroll E
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of 
      New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
FAU - Wang, Zhen Q
AU  - Wang ZQ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3244-690X
AD  - Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of 
      New York, 109 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - 71272/Research Foundation for the State University of New York/
GR  - 1919594/National Science Foundation/
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - Japan
TA  - Plant Cell Physiol
JT  - Plant & cell physiology
JID - 9430925
RN  - 0 (Cardenolides)
RN  - 273-77-8 (benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole)
RN  - 0 (Phytosterols)
RN  - EC 1.- (Oxidoreductases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Digitalis/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Cardenolides/analysis/metabolism
MH  - *Phytosterols
MH  - Phylogeny
MH  - Oxidoreductases/metabolism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Digitalis lanata
OT  - Cardiac glycosides
OT  - Methyl jasmonate
OT  - Salicylic acid
OT  - Sterol methyl oxidase
OT  - Sterol sidechain reductase
EDAT- 2022/10/13 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/18 06:00
CRDT- 2022/10/12 07:33
PHST- 2021/10/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/10/04 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/10/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/10/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/10/12 07:33 [entrez]
AID - 6759213 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/pcp/pcac144 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Plant Cell Physiol. 2023 Feb 16;64(1):107-116. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcac144.