PMID- 36231858
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221017
LR  - 20230117
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 19
DP  - 2022 Oct 1
TI  - Depressive, Anxious, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Violence 
      during the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Sex, COVID-19 Status, and Intervention-Seeking 
      Conditions among the General Population.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph191912559 [doi]
LID - 12559
AB  - Worldwide, three out of four of the general population have reported experiencing 
      violence. Governments should address solutions to violence and its effects on 
      mental health. The study aimed to determine depressive, anxious, and 
      posttraumatic stress symptoms related to the violence experienced during the 
      COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. The study was conducted with 18,449 
      Mexicans of 33 years (SD = 11.00, range = 18-59), with 12,188 (66.10%) being 
      women, 3559 (19.29%) having COVID-19, 2706 (14.67%) seeking psychological care, 
      and 5712 (30.96%) experiencing violence. Subjects completed the Major Depressive 
      Episode (MDE) Checklist, Generalized Anxiety (GA) Scale, and the Posttraumatic 
      Stress (PTS) Checklists (PCL-5) programmed in a WebApp application. We assessed 
      the dimensionality of the scales through the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), 
      the measurement invariance, and a structural equation model (SEM). In the total 
      sample, 28.10% fulfilled the MDE criteria, and 42.30% had high levels of GA. In 
      the sample of those experiencing violence, 48.40% met the MDE criteria, 61.70% 
      had high GA symptoms, and 50% met the criteria for a PTS disorder. Experiencing 
      violence was associated with GA and severe PTS symptoms when the discomfort had 
      bothered them for over a month since the onset of these symptoms. Subjects who 
      had experienced violence and had mental health symptoms seemed ready for 
      treatment. Further studies will evaluate the effect of remote psychological care 
      to help reduce the treatment gap.
FAU - Morales Chaine, Silvia
AU  - Morales Chaine S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9269-7877
AD  - Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 
      04510, Mexico.
FAU - Robles Garcia, Rebeca
AU  - Robles Garcia R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5958-7393
AD  - Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria "Ramon de la Fuente Muniz", Mexico City 14370, 
      Mexico.
FAU - Bosch, Alejandro
AU  - Bosch A
AD  - Direccion General de Atencion a la Comunidad, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de 
      Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
FAU - Trevino Santa Cruz, Claudia Lydia
AU  - Trevino Santa Cruz CL
AD  - Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 
      62210, Mexico.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20221001
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
SB  - IM
MH  - Anxiety/epidemiology
MH  - *COVID-19/epidemiology
MH  - Depression/epidemiology/therapy
MH  - *Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
MH  - Violence/psychology
PMC - PMC9566029
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - anxiety
OT  - depression
OT  - help-seeking
OT  - measurement
OT  - posttraumatic stress
OT  - violence
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/10/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/18 06:00
PMCR- 2022/10/01
CRDT- 2022/10/14 02:01
PHST- 2022/08/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/09/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/09/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/10/14 02:01 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/10/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/10/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph191912559 [pii]
AID - ijerph-19-12559 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph191912559 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 1;19(19):12559. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph191912559.