PMID- 36247559 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20221019 IS - 1664-462X (Print) IS - 1664-462X (Electronic) IS - 1664-462X (Linking) VI - 13 DP - 2022 TI - Programmed cell death associated with the formation of schizo-lysigenous aerenchyma in Nelumbo nucifera root. PG - 968841 LID - 10.3389/fpls.2022.968841 [doi] LID - 968841 AB - Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera) is an important aquatic economic crop with high edible, medicinal, ornamental, and ecological restoration values. Aerenchyma formation in N. nucifera root is an adaptive trait to the aquatic environment in long-term evolution. In this study, light microscopy, electron microscopy, and molecular biology techniques were used to study the process of the aerenchyma development and cytological events in N. nucifera root and the dynamic changes of aerenchyma formation under the treatment of exogenous 21% oxygen, ethylene (ET), and ET synthesis i + nhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). The results showed that programmed cell death (PCD) occurred during the aerenchyma formation in N. nucifera root. Plasmalemma invagination and vacuole membrane rupture appeared in the formation stage, followed by nuclear deformation, chromatin condensation and marginalization, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) detection was positive at this time. In the expansion stage of the aerenchyma development, cytoplasmic degradation and many vesicles appeared in the cytoplasm, and organelles began to degrade. Then the plasma membrane began to degrade, and the degradation of the cell wall was the last PCD step. After 21% oxygen was continuously filled in the rhizosphere environment of N. nucifera roots, the area of aerenchyma in N. nucifera roots was smaller than that in the control group. Moreover, ET induced the earlier occurrence of aerenchyma in N. nucifera root, but also, the area of aerenchyma became larger than that of the control. On the contrary, 1-MCP inhibited the occurrence of aerenchyma to some extent. Therefore, the formation of aerenchyma in N. nucifera root resulted from PCD, and its formation mode was schizo-lysigenous. A hypoxic environment could induce aerenchyma formation in plants. ET signal was involved in aerenchyma formation in N. nucifera root and had a positive regulatory effect. This study provides relevant data on the formation mechanism of plant aerenchyma and the cytological basis for exploring the regulation mechanism of plant aerenchyma formation. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 Xie, Hou, Yan, Zhang, Lv, Li, Chen, Pang, Hu and Ni. FAU - Xie, Qinmi AU - Xie Q AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Hou, Hui AU - Hou H AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Yan, Peixuan AU - Yan P AD - School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Zhang, Haiying AU - Zhang H AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Lv, Yingze AU - Lv Y AD - School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Li, Xuebin AU - Li X AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. AD - Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Chen, Lin AU - Chen L AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. AD - Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Pang, Danbo AU - Pang D AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. AD - Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Hu, Yang AU - Hu Y AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. AD - Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration, Yinchuan, China. FAU - Ni, Xilu AU - Ni X AD - Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration of North-Western, Yinchuan, China. AD - Key Lab for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in North-Western China (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China. AD - Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Research Station, State Forestry Administration, Yinchuan, China. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220929 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Plant Sci JT - Frontiers in plant science JID - 101568200 PMC - PMC9556849 OTO - NOTNLM OT - TUNEL OT - aerenchyma OT - ethylene OT - hypoxia OT - programmed cell death COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2022/10/18 06:00 MHDA- 2022/10/18 06:01 PMCR- 2022/01/01 CRDT- 2022/10/17 04:51 PHST- 2022/06/14 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/08/22 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/10/17 04:51 [entrez] PHST- 2022/10/18 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/10/18 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fpls.2022.968841 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Plant Sci. 2022 Sep 29;13:968841. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968841. eCollection 2022.