PMID- 36249618
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20221019
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 9
DP  - 2022 Sep
TI  - Life-Threatening Hyponatremia Secondary to Chronic Kratom Use: A Case 
      Presentation.
PG  - e29073
LID - 10.7759/cureus.29073 [doi]
LID - e29073
AB  - Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L. 
      Severe hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 125 
      mEq/L and is a life-threatening complication that must be managed promptly to 
      avoid irreversible neurological damage. One particular cause of hyponatremia is 
      the ingestion of recreational drugs, such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine 
      (MDMA), also known as Ecstasy. Another drug with limited understanding of its 
      adverse effects on specific individuals and is widely available to purchase 
      legally is Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Here, we present the case of severe 
      hyponatremia secondary to the ingestion of Kratom. Kratom is believed to act on 
      various pain-modulating receptors and may explain its role in causing 
      hyponatremia. Unfortunately, Kratom remains poorly understood and underreported. 
      Our case illustrates the need for further in-depth studies to determine the 
      complete toxic profile of Kratom, providing awareness to clinicians in 
      anticipation of severe complications that may develop.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022, Martin et al.
FAU - Martin, Gabriella
AU  - Martin G
AD  - College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of 
      Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
FAU - Collins, Dylon P
AU  - Collins DP
AD  - College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of 
      Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
FAU - Valenzuela, Harol
AU  - Valenzuela H
AD  - Nephrology, Florida Kidney Physicians, Port Charlotte, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Case Reports
DEP - 20220912
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC9555313
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - drug-induced hyponatremia
OT  - kratom
OT  - osmotic demyelination
OT  - pain modulation
OT  - severe hyponatremia
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2022/10/18 06:00
MHDA- 2022/10/18 06:01
PMCR- 2022/09/12
CRDT- 2022/10/17 05:26
PHST- 2022/08/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/09/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/10/17 05:26 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/10/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/10/18 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.29073 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2022 Sep 12;14(9):e29073. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29073. eCollection 2022 
      Sep.