PMID- 36251373
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230216
LR  - 20230504
IS  - 1530-0315 (Electronic)
IS  - 0195-9131 (Print)
IS  - 0195-9131 (Linking)
VI  - 55
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Mar 1
TI  - Fueling the Female Athlete: Auditing Her Representation in Studies of Acute 
      Carbohydrate Intake for Exercise.
PG  - 569-580
LID - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003056 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this audit was to assess the representation of female 
      athletes within the literature that has led to current guidelines for 
      carbohydrate (CHO) intake in the acute periods surrounding exercise and the 
      quality of this research. METHODS: We conducted a standardized audit of research 
      assessing CHO loading protocols, CHO mouth rinse, and CHO intake before, during, 
      and after exercise. RESULTS: A total of 937 studies were identified in this 
      audit. There were a total of 11,202 participants across these studies, with only 
      ~11% being women. Most studies involved male-only cohorts (~79%), with a mere 38 
      studies (~4%) involving female-only cohorts and 14 studies (~2%) including a 
      methodological design for comparison of sex-based responses. The frequent use of 
      incorrect terminology surrounding menstrual status and the failure of most 
      studies (~69%) to provide sufficient information on the menstrual status of 
      participants suggests incomplete understanding and concern for female-specific 
      considerations among researchers. Of the 197 studies that included women, only 13 
      (~7%) provided evidence of acceptable methodological control of ovarian hormones, 
      and no study met all best-practice recommendations. Of these 13 studies, only 
      half also provided sufficient information regarding the athletic caliber of 
      participants. The topics that received such scrutiny were CHO loading protocols 
      and CHO intake during exercise. CONCLUSIONS: The literature that underpins the 
      current guidelines for CHO intake in the acute periods around exercise is lacking 
      in high-quality research that can contribute knowledge specific to the female 
      athlete and sex-based differences. New research that considers ovarian hormones 
      and sex-based differences is needed to ensure that the recommendations for acute 
      CHO fueling provided to female athletes are evidence based.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on 
      behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.
FAU - Kuikman, Megan A
AU  - Kuikman MA
AD  - Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 
      Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.
FAU - Smith, Ella S
AU  - Smith ES
AD  - Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 
      Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.
FAU - McKay, Alannah K A
AU  - McKay AKA
AD  - Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 
      Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.
FAU - Ackerman, Kathryn E
AU  - Ackerman KE
AD  - Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 
      Boston, MA.
FAU - Harris, Rachel
AU  - Harris R
FAU - Elliott-Sale, Kirsty J
AU  - Elliott-Sale KJ
AD  - Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester 
      Metropolitan University, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM.
FAU - Stellingwerff, Trent
AU  - Stellingwerff T
FAU - Burke, Louise M
AU  - Burke LM
AD  - Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 
      Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20221013
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Sci Sports Exerc
JT  - Medicine and science in sports and exercise
JID - 8005433
RN  - 0 (Carbohydrates)
RN  - 0 (Hormones)
RN  - 0 (Dietary Carbohydrates)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - Female
MH  - *Exercise/physiology
MH  - *Sports/physiology
MH  - Athletes
MH  - Carbohydrates
MH  - Hormones
MH  - Dietary Carbohydrates
PMC - PMC9924969
EDAT- 2022/10/18 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/17 06:00
PMCR- 2023/02/13
CRDT- 2022/10/17 12:02
PHST- 2022/10/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/10/17 12:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/02/13 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 00005768-202303000-00023 [pii]
AID - MSSE_220479 [pii]
AID - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003056 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023 Mar 1;55(3):569-580. doi: 
      10.1249/MSS.0000000000003056. Epub 2022 Oct 13.