PMID- 36326503
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221206
LR  - 20221206
IS  - 1873-6351 (Electronic)
IS  - 0278-6915 (Linking)
VI  - 170
DP  - 2022 Dec
TI  - Probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to multiple metals and pesticides 
      through consumption of fruit juice samples collected from Iranian market.
PG  - 113493
LID - S0278-6915(22)00691-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113493 [doi]
AB  - The current study assessed the risk posed to Iranian consumers by oral exposure 
      to a mixture of 20 pesticides and six metals in 96 fruit juice (FJ) samples (3 
      batches x 4 brands x 8 types of FJs) collected from Iran market. Concentrations 
      of metals and pesticides in FJs were quantified by inductively coupled 
      plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and chromatography-mass 
      spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The mean concentration of all pesticides was 
      below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the European Union (EU). The 
      calculated target hazard quotients (THQs) and total hazard index (HI) were <1.0 
      for all pesticides residue, indicating no risk. For the carcinogenic metals (As, 
      Ni, and Pb), estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) at the 50th and 
      95th centiles were respectively 4.25 x 10(-5) and 5.30 x 10(-5) (for As), 
      2.85 x 10(-5) and 3.71 x 10(-5) (for Ni), and 2.84 x 10(-8), and 3.97 x 10(-8) 
      (for Pb), indicating no risk. At the 50th and 95th centiles, HI for 
      non-carcinogenic metals (Cd, Hg, and Cr) was <1.0, indicating no risk. Based on 
      sensitivity analyses of the input variables, the concentration of metals and 
      pesticides, and the FJs ingestion rate had significant influential impacts on the 
      calculated THQ and HI.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Taghizadeh, Seyedeh Faezeh
AU  - Taghizadeh SF
AD  - Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad 
      University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Horticultural 
      Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
FAU - Karimi, Gholamreza
AU  - Karimi G
AD  - Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad 
      University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and 
      Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 
      Iran.
FAU - Tzatzarakis, Manolis
AU  - Tzatzarakis M
AD  - Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 
      Greece.
FAU - Tsakiris, Ioannis
AU  - Tsakiris I
AD  - Agriculture Department, School of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 
      Florina, Greece.
FAU - Ahmadpourmir, Hamid
AU  - Ahmadpourmir H
AD  - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University 
      of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
FAU - Azizi, Majid
AU  - Azizi M
AD  - Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University 
      of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
FAU - Afshari, Asma
AU  - Afshari A
AD  - Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical 
      Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
FAU - Ghorani, Vahideh
AU  - Ghorani V
AD  - Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, 
      Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical 
      Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
FAU - Yarmohammadi, Fatemeh
AU  - Yarmohammadi F
AD  - Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad 
      University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
FAU - Tsatsakis, Aristidis
AU  - Tsatsakis A
AD  - Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 
      Greece. Electronic address: tsatsaka@uoc.gr.
FAU - Rezaee, Ramin
AU  - Rezaee R
AD  - International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human 
      Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 
      Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 
      Mashhad, Iran. Electronic address: raminrezaee1983@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221029
PL  - England
TA  - Food Chem Toxicol
JT  - Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British 
      Industrial Biological Research Association
JID - 8207483
RN  - 0 (Metals, Heavy)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 2P299V784P (Lead)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Metals, Heavy/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Iran
MH  - Fruit and Vegetable Juices/analysis
MH  - *Pesticides/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Lead/analysis
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Food processing
OT  - Oral exposure
OT  - Pesticides
OT  - Soft beverage
OT  - Toxic element
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2022/11/04 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/07 06:00
CRDT- 2022/11/03 10:05
PHST- 2022/08/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/10/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/10/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/11/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/07 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/11/03 10:05 [entrez]
AID - S0278-6915(22)00691-3 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113493 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Dec;170:113493. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113493. Epub 2022 
      Oct 29.