PMID- 36352288
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230124
LR  - 20230201
IS  - 1573-6628 (Electronic)
IS  - 1092-7875 (Print)
IS  - 1092-7875 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Jan
TI  - Interpregnancy Interval and Child Health Outcomes in India: Evidence from Three 
      Recent Rounds of National Family Health Survey.
PG  - 126-141
LID - 10.1007/s10995-022-03559-3 [doi]
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Short interpregnancy interval (IPI) is a well-known risk factor for 
      preterm births and low birth weights. However, research on the association 
      between interpregnancy interval (IPI) and health outcomes in children under age 5 
      is limited in India. We examined the associations between IPI and five child 
      health outcomes in India. METHODS: We used nationally representative 
      cross-sectional data from three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) 
      conducted in India during 2005-06, 2015-16 and 2019-21 to examine the 
      associations between IPI [categorized as < 12 months, 12-17 months, 18-23 months 
      (ref), 24-35 months, and 36-59 months] and five child health outcomes - neonatal 
      mortality, postneonatal mortality, diarrhea and/or acute respiratory infections 
      (ARI), stunting, and underweight, for the total sample and, secondarily, using 
      sex-stratified analyses. We used multivariable and mother fixed-effects binary 
      logistic regressions to examine the associations. RESULTS: 3% and 2% of infants 
      died during the neonatal and postneonatal period, respectively. Thirteen, 40, and 
      37% of children had diarrhea and/or ARI, were stunted, and were underweight, 
      respectively. IPI < 12 months was associated with higher odds of diarrhea and/or 
      ARI (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05-1.18), stunting (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.18) and 
      underweight (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.11). Mother fixed-effects adjustments 
      confirmed these associations and also found that births with IPI of 12-17 months 
      and 36-59 months had higher odds of stunting, and IPI of 12-17 months was also 
      associated with higher odds of underweight. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate 
      that IPIs shorter than 12 months are a risk factor for diarrhea and/or ARI, and 
      IPIs shorter than 12 months and 12-17 months are risk factors for stunting and 
      underweight among children under 5 in India. Mother fixed-effects models allowed 
      us to adjust our estimates for unobserved heterogeneity; this has rarely been 
      done before. Increases in birth spacing may improve child health outcomes in 
      India.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Kannaujiya, Ajit Kumar
AU  - Kannaujiya AK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8075-6136
AD  - International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India. 
      ajeetatbhu@gmail.com.
FAU - Kumar, Kaushalendra
AU  - Kumar K
AD  - Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for 
      Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - McDougal, Lotus
AU  - McDougal L
AD  - Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, USA.
FAU - Upadhyay, Ashish Kumar
AU  - Upadhyay AK
AD  - GENDER Project, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - Raj, Anita
AU  - Raj A
AD  - Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, San Diego, USA.
FAU - James, K S
AU  - James KS
AD  - International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - Singh, Abhishek
AU  - Singh A
AD  - Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for 
      Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
LA  - eng
GR  - OPP1179208/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221109
PL  - United States
TA  - Matern Child Health J
JT  - Maternal and child health journal
JID - 9715672
SB  - IM
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Infant
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Child
MH  - Child, Preschool
MH  - *Birth Intervals
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - *Thinness
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Growth Disorders
MH  - India/epidemiology
MH  - Diarrhea/epidemiology
MH  - Outcome Assessment, Health Care
MH  - Health Surveys
PMC - PMC9867668
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - India
OT  - diarrhea and/or acute respiratory infections
OT  - interpregnancy interval
OT  - mother fixed-effects
OT  - neonatal mortality
OT  - postneonatal mortality
OT  - stunting
OT  - underweight
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/11/10 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/25 06:00
PMCR- 2022/11/09
CRDT- 2022/11/09 23:58
PHST- 2022/09/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/11/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/25 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/11/09 23:58 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/11/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1007/s10995-022-03559-3 [pii]
AID - 3559 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s10995-022-03559-3 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Matern Child Health J. 2023 Jan;27(1):126-141. doi: 10.1007/s10995-022-03559-3. 
      Epub 2022 Nov 9.