PMID- 36407224
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20221122
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 10
DP  - 2022 Oct
TI  - Rates and Patterns of Australian Emergency Department Presentations of People Who 
      Use Stimulants: A Systematic Literature Review.
PG  - e30429
LID - 10.7759/cureus.30429 [doi]
LID - e30429
AB  - The use of illicit stimulants continues to pose a significant challenge to 
      different health sectors. In Australia, four particular stimulants, namely 
      amphetamines and their derivatives, methamphetamine, ecstasy or 
      3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), and cocaine cause a significant 
      challenge to EDs as managing patients who use stimulants can be labor and 
      resource intensive. While Australian data are available for stimulant-related 
      ambulance attendances and hospitalizations, little is known about ED 
      presentations of people who use stimulants. The aim of this paper is to 
      systematically review the available literature related to the rates and patterns 
      of ED presentations of people who use stimulants in Australia. A search was 
      conducted on EBSCOhost, CINAHL Complete, and PubMed databases, as well as Google 
      Scholar. Search terms consisted of combinations of the following terms: 1) 
      stimulant AND ED AND Australia; 2) stimulants AND emergency presentations OR 
      accident and emergency AND Australia, 3) amphetamine OR methamphetamine OR 
      ecstasy OR cocaine AND ED AND Australia. Articles that met the inclusion criteria 
      were included in the review and subjected to a quality appraisal. Data were 
      extracted from the selected papers, including patient demographics, presentation 
      rates, type of stimulant, reasons for presentations, police or ambulance service 
      involvement, comorbidities, mental health issues, triage codes, admissions, and 
      separations. The results of the review are reported using the Preferred Reporting 
      Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were 
      eligible if they were English-language peer-reviewed articles published between 
      January 2011 and December 2021 and if they included data on Australian ED 
      presentations of people who use non-prescription illicit stimulants. Studies were 
      excluded if they did not include stimulant-related ED presentations or focused on 
      ED presentations related to prescription stimulants, including Ritalin and 
      Adderall, non-stimulant drugs, or caffeine for attention deficit disorder (ADD) 
      or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The selected articles were 
      appraised for quality, rigor, and risk of bias by two authors. The studies were 
      assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional, cohort, and 
      case-control studies depending on the methodology identified in the study. A 
      total of 19 articles were included in this study. Males represented 53 to 85% of 
      ED presentations of people who use stimulants with an age range of 0 to 65 and 
      are more likely to be transported by police or ambulance. People who use 
      stimulants presented to EDs with varying psychological and behavioral concerns 
      such as psychosis, self-harm, suicidal ideations, hallucinations, agitations, and 
      aggressiveness, as well as medical conditions, including heart palpitations, 
      nausea and vomiting, and significant physical injuries.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022, Redona et al.
FAU - Redona, Peter T Jr
AU  - Redona PT Jr
AD  - Nursing, University of New England, Armidale, AUS.
FAU - Woods, Cindy
AU  - Woods C
AD  - Substance Use and Addiction, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, 
      Canberra, AUS.
FAU - Jackson, Debra
AU  - Jackson D
AD  - Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, AUS.
FAU - Usher, Kim
AU  - Usher K
AD  - Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, AUS.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20221018
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC9671087
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - amphetamines
OT  - cocaine
OT  - emergency departments
OT  - methamphetamines
OT  - stimulants use
COIS- The authors have declared financial relationships, which are detailed in the next 
      section.
EDAT- 2022/11/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/11/22 06:01
PMCR- 2022/10/18
CRDT- 2022/11/21 04:29
PHST- 2022/10/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/11/21 04:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/11/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/11/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/10/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.30429 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2022 Oct 18;14(10):e30429. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30429. eCollection 2022 
      Oct.