PMID- 36419270 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20221125 LR - 20221125 IS - 1879-1298 (Electronic) IS - 0045-6535 (Linking) VI - 311 IP - Pt 1 DP - 2023 Jan TI - Profiles and determinants of dicofol, endosulfans, mirex, and toxaphenes in breast milk samples from 10 prefectures in Japan. PG - 137002 LID - S0045-6535(22)03495-6 [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137002 [doi] AB - Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is reflected by POP concentrations in breast milk. Many studies of POPs in breast milk have been performed in Japan, but insufficient information is available about some legacy POPs (e.g., mirex and toxaphenes, included in the Stockholm Convention in 2001) and novel POPs (e.g., dicofol and endosulfans, included in the Stockholm Convention in 2019 and 2011, respectively). In this study, dicofol, endosulfan, mirex, and toxaphene concentrations in breast milk from 10 prefectures in Japan were determined. The samples were collected between 2005 and 2010, before Stockholm Convention restrictions on endosulfans and mirex were implemented. Common POPs (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) were also analyzed to allow the contamination statuses to be compared. The alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan concentrations were 0.26-13 and 0.012-0.82 ng/g lipid, respectively. The toxaphene #26 and #50 concentrations were <0.08-5.6 and < 0.1-8.5 ng/g lipid, respectively. The dicofol concentrations were <0.01-4.8 ng/g lipid. The mirex concentrations were <0.2-3.5 ng/g lipid. The alpha- and beta-endosulfan concentrations on a lipid weight basis negatively correlated with the lipid contents of the milk samples (rho = -0.65, p < 0.01 for alpha-endosulfan; rho = -0.58, p < 0.01 for beta-endosulfan). The toxaphene concentrations positively correlated with the lipid contents. The mirex concentrations positively correlated with the maternal age but negatively correlated with the maternal body mass index. No correlations between the dicofol concentrations and the factors were found. Principal component analysis divided the data into four groups, (1) chlordanes, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes and related compounds, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachloroethane, and polychlorinated biphenyls, (2) endosulfans, (3) dicofol, dieldrin, and toxaphenes, and (4) bromodiphenyl ether 47. This indicated that bromodiphenyl ether 47, dicofol, endosulfans, and toxaphenes have different exposure routes or different kinetics to the other legacy POPs. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. FAU - Fujii, Yukiko AU - Fujii Y AD - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan. Electronic address: yu-fujii@umin.ac.jp. FAU - Harada, Kouji H AU - Harada KH AD - Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. FAU - Ito, Yoshiko AU - Ito Y AD - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan. FAU - Yoshitake, Miho AU - Yoshitake M AD - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan. FAU - Matsunobu, Chiharu AU - Matsunobu C AD - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan. FAU - Kato, Yoshihisa AU - Kato Y AD - Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, 769-2193, Japan. FAU - Ohta, Chiho AU - Ohta C AD - Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0198, Japan. FAU - Koga, Nobuyuki AU - Koga N AD - Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0198, Japan. FAU - Kimura, Osamu AU - Kimura O AD - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan. FAU - Endo, Tetsuya AU - Endo T AD - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan. FAU - Koizumi, Akio AU - Koizumi A AD - Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. FAU - Haraguchi, Koichi AU - Haraguchi K AD - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan. Electronic address: k-haraguti@daiichi-cps.ac.jp. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20221027 PL - England TA - Chemosphere JT - Chemosphere JID - 0320657 RN - W4WMM0WS91 (Dicofol) RN - OKA6A6ZD4K (Endosulfan) RN - Z917AN264P (Mirex) RN - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) RN - 8001-35-2 (Toxaphene) RN - 0 (Environmental Pollutants) RN - 0 (Ethers) RN - 0 (Lipids) SB - IM MH - Female MH - Humans MH - Dicofol/analysis MH - Endosulfan/analysis MH - Mirex/analysis MH - Milk, Human/chemistry MH - *Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis MH - *Toxaphene MH - Japan MH - Environmental Monitoring MH - *Environmental Pollutants/analysis MH - Ethers MH - Lipids OTO - NOTNLM OT - Breast milk OT - Dicofol OT - Endosulfan OT - Japan OT - Mirex OT - POPs OT - Toxaphene COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. EDAT- 2022/11/25 06:00 MHDA- 2022/11/26 06:00 CRDT- 2022/11/24 01:01 PHST- 2022/07/28 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/10/21 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2022/10/22 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/11/24 01:01 [entrez] PHST- 2022/11/25 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/11/26 06:00 [medline] AID - S0045-6535(22)03495-6 [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137002 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Chemosphere. 2023 Jan;311(Pt 1):137002. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137002. Epub 2022 Oct 27.