PMID- 36451824 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20221202 LR - 20221203 IS - 1664-3224 (Electronic) IS - 1664-3224 (Linking) VI - 13 DP - 2022 TI - Cytokine expression in rhinovirus- vs. respiratory syncytial virus-induced first wheezing episode and its relation to clinical course. PG - 1044621 LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044621 [doi] LID - 1044621 AB - Rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common causes of bronchiolitis. Unlike an RSV etiology, an RV etiology is associated with a markedly increased risk of asthma. We investigated the cytokine profiles of RV- and RSV-induced first wheezing episode and their correlation with prognosis. We recruited 52 sole RV- and 11 sole RSV-affected children with a severe first wheezing episode. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated during acute illness and 2 weeks later and stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Culture medium samples were analyzed for 56 different cytokines by multiplex ELISA. Recurrences were prospectively followed for 4 years. In adjusted analyses, the cytokine response from PBMCs in the RV group was characterized by decreased expression of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and increased expression of eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 (eotaxin-2), thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78) in the acute phase and increased expression of fractalkine in the convalescent phase compared to those in the RSV group. An analysis of the change in cytokine expression between study points revealed an increased expression of fractalkine and IL-1beta and decreased expression of I-309 (CCL1) and TARC in the RV group compared to those in the RSV group.. Considering hospitalization time, a significant non-adjusted group x cytokine interaction was observed in the levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), IL-1RA, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), indicating that a higher expression of cytokine was associated with shorter hospitalization time in the RSV group but not in the RV group. A significant interaction was also found in interleukin 6 (IL-6), but the cytokine response was not associated with hospitalization time in the RSV or RV group. In the RV group, increased expression of I-309 (CCL1) and TARC was associated with fewer relapses within 2 months, and decreased expression of interleukin 13 (IL-13) and increased expression of I-309 (CCL1) were associated with less relapses within 12 months. Differences in cytokine response from PBMCs were observed between RV- and RSV-induced first severe wheezing episode. Our findings also reveal new biomarkers for short- and medium-term prognosis in first-time wheezing children infected with RV or RSV. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 Hurme, Komulainen, Tulkki, Leino, Ruckert, Turunen, Vuorinen, Akdis, Akdis and Jartti. FAU - Hurme, Pekka AU - Hurme P AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. FAU - Komulainen, Miisa AU - Komulainen M AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. FAU - Tulkki, Marleena AU - Tulkki M AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. FAU - Leino, Annamari AU - Leino A AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. FAU - Ruckert, Beate AU - Ruckert B AD - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Christine Kuhne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland. FAU - Turunen, Riitta AU - Turunen R AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. AD - New Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. FAU - Vuorinen, Tytti AU - Vuorinen T AD - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. AD - Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. FAU - Akdis, Mubeccel AU - Akdis M AD - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Christine Kuhne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland. FAU - Akdis, Cezmi A AU - Akdis CA AD - Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Christine Kuhne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland. FAU - Jartti, Tuomas AU - Jartti T AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland. AD - PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. AD - Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20221114 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Immunol JT - Frontiers in immunology JID - 101560960 RN - 0 (Cytokines) RN - 0 (Chemokine CX3CL1) RN - 0 (Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein) RN - 0 (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A) RN - 0 (Interleukin-6) SB - IM MH - Child MH - Humans MH - Rhinovirus MH - Respiratory Sounds MH - Cytokines MH - Chemokine CX3CL1 MH - Leukocytes, Mononuclear MH - Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein MH - Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A MH - *Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human MH - *Enterovirus Infections MH - *Pneumovirus MH - Interleukin-6 MH - Recurrence PMC - PMC9702984 OTO - NOTNLM OT - bronchiolitis OT - cytokine OT - respiratory syncytial virus OT - rhinovirus OT - wheezing COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2022/12/02 06:00 MHDA- 2022/12/03 06:00 PMCR- 2022/01/01 CRDT- 2022/12/01 02:29 PHST- 2022/09/14 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/10/14 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/12/01 02:29 [entrez] PHST- 2022/12/02 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/12/03 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044621 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Immunol. 2022 Nov 14;13:1044621. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044621. eCollection 2022.