PMID- 36498226
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221216
LR  - 20221221
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 23
DP  - 2022 Dec 2
TI  - An Innovative Method for BTEX Emission Inventory and Development of Mitigation 
      Measures in Developing Countries-A Case Study: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph192316156 [doi]
LID - 16156
AB  - Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are carcinogenic pollutants. 
      However, the average concentration in 1 h of some pollutants belonging to BTEX, 
      such as benzene, in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is higher than the national standard 
      QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT by about ten times. This research is the first to calculate 
      the emission of BTEX for developing countries on a city scale. This paper 
      developed a method to calculate cold emission factors based on hot emission 
      factors for BTEX. Five spreadsheets developed and calculated these cold emission 
      factors for five vehicle categories. A comprehensive emission inventory (EI) for 
      BTEX was conducted in HCMC to determine the cause of BTEX pollution. An 
      innovative methodology with bottom-up and top-down combination was applied to 
      conduct BTEX EI, in which the EMISENS model was utilized to generate the EI for 
      road traffic sources, and the emission factors method was utilized for other 
      emission sources. Among emission reasons, motorcycles contribute the highest to 
      HCMC air pollution, responsible for 93%, 90%, 98.9%, and 91.5% of benzene, 
      toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. Cars contributed 5%, 6%, 0.8%, 
      and 6.5% of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. For LDVs, 
      the emission from benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene accounted for 1%, 
      2%, 0.2%, and 1.9%. The major reasons for point sources were metal production, 
      which had 1%, 2%, and 0.1% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes 
      emissions. The area source had a minority emission of total BTEX in Ho Chi Minh 
      City. Our findings can be used to invest in the most significant sources to 
      reduce BTEX in HCMC. Our approach can be applied in similar urban areas in BTEX 
      EI. This research also developed nine measures to reduce BTEX in HCMC for human 
      health protection.
FAU - Ho, Quoc Bang
AU  - Ho QB
AD  - Institute for Environment and Resources (IER), 142 To Hien Thanh St., Dist. 10, 
      HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
AD  - Department of Academic Affairs, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 
      700000, Vietnam.
FAU - Vu, Hoang Ngoc Khue
AU  - Vu HNK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5990-4467
AD  - Institute for Environment and Resources (IER), 142 To Hien Thanh St., Dist. 10, 
      HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
FAU - Nguyen, Thoai Tam
AU  - Nguyen TT
AD  - Institute for Environment and Resources (IER), 142 To Hien Thanh St., Dist. 10, 
      HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
FAU - Huynh, Thi Thao Nguyen
AU  - Huynh TTN
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9071-1225
AD  - Institute for Environment and Resources (IER), 142 To Hien Thanh St., Dist. 10, 
      HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
LA  - eng
GR  - B2021-05-02/Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM)/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221202
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Xylenes)
RN  - J64922108F (Benzene)
RN  - 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene)
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene)
RN  - 0 (Benzene Derivatives)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Xylenes/analysis
MH  - Benzene/analysis
MH  - Toluene/analysis
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - Benzene Derivatives/analysis
PMC - PMC9738250
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - BTEX
OT  - Ho Chi Minh City
OT  - air quality modeling
OT  - emission inventory
OT  - low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
COIS- The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, 
      analysis, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, and in the 
      decision to publish the results. On behalf of all the authors of this submission, 
      I declare no conflict of interest regarding the manuscript.
EDAT- 2022/12/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/15 06:00
PMCR- 2022/12/02
CRDT- 2022/12/11 01:11
PHST- 2022/10/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/11/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/11/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/11 01:11 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph192316156 [pii]
AID - ijerph-19-16156 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph192316156 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 2;19(23):16156. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph192316156.