PMID- 36504860
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20221220
IS  - 2297-1769 (Print)
IS  - 2297-1769 (Electronic)
IS  - 2297-1769 (Linking)
VI  - 9
DP  - 2022
TI  - Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and 
      management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever.
PG  - 1048861
LID - 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861 [doi]
LID - 1048861
AB  - A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major 
      economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of 
      intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of 
      porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine 
      circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction 
      with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus 
      pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating 
      the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic 
      polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity 
      management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch 
      production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific 
      vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even 
      eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of 
      the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal 
      management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding 
      systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of 
      vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or 
      PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced 
      depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential 
      for the establishment of food security. The "repopulate swine farm" policy and 
      the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, 
      discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these 
      happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF 
      disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial 
      intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising 
      tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing 
      the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict 
      biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Assavacheep and Thanawongnuwech.
FAU - Assavacheep, Pornchalit
AU  - Assavacheep P
AD  - Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn 
      University, Bangkok, Thailand.
FAU - Thanawongnuwech, Roongroje
AU  - Thanawongnuwech R
AD  - Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 
      Bangkok, Thailand.
AD  - Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious 
      Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20221125
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Vet Sci
JT  - Frontiers in veterinary science
JID - 101666658
PMC - PMC9732666
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - African swine fever
OT  - infection
OT  - interaction
OT  - management
OT  - pigs
OT  - porcine respiratory disease complex
OT  - repopulation
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/12/13 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/13 06:01
PMCR- 2022/01/01
CRDT- 2022/12/12 10:50
PHST- 2022/09/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/11/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/12 10:50 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/13 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Vet Sci. 2022 Nov 25;9:1048861. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1048861. 
      eCollection 2022.