PMID- 36505623
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20221221
IS  - 2249-4863 (Print)
IS  - 2278-7135 (Electronic)
IS  - 2249-4863 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 9
DP  - 2022 Sep
TI  - Strengthening the immunization supply chain through EVM assessment: Comparing 
      India's two successive national assessments.
PG  - 5298-5304
LID - 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_22_22 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective immunization supply chain (iSC) is crucial for safe and 
      timely transport of potent vaccines to the beneficiary. India's iSC, with a 
      network of ~29,000 cold chain points (CCP), measures its quality standards using 
      the World Health Organization-United Nations International Children's Emergency 
      Fund (WHO-UNICEF) global tool on effective vaccine management (EVM). The two 
      national EVM assessments (EVMA) were conducted in 2013 and 2018. This study helps 
      to see the impact of policies and practices through EVMA in maintaining an 
      efficient iSC for effective implementation of immunization program. MATERIALS AND 
      METHODS: We conducted a desk analysis using EVMA reports to summarize and compare 
      the findings of the two studies. Cut-off of 80% was considered ideal for each 
      category/criteria score. RESULTS: Both EVMA 2013 and 2018 were conducted using 
      Android-based global EVM tool, though across a wider sample of CCP. Maximum and 
      minimum changes in scores were sub-national and lowest distribution (16% each) 
      and national buffer stores (7%), respectively. Maximum and minimum improvements 
      were seen in vaccine management (29%) and MIS and supportive functions (3%), 
      respectively. The improvement was statistically significant for the overall 
      scores (P = 0.02), primary (P = 0.01), subnational (P = 0.02), and lowest 
      distribution stores (P = 0.03). Among the 36 recommendations of 2013 assessment, 
      78% and 22% were fully and partially implemented (or ongoing), respectively. 
      CONCLUSION: Implementation of EVM recommendations has significantly led to 
      improvement and continues to provide a benchmark for iSC and its processes. 
      Follow-up assessments every 3-5 years can further help to evaluate iSC and 
      ascertain the impact of recommendations.
CI  - Copyright: (c) 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.
FAU - Sharma, Lokesh
AU  - Sharma L
AD  - United Nation's Children Fund, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Gupta, Ginisha
AU  - Gupta G
AD  - National Cold Chain and Vaccine Management Resource Centre, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Kapuria, Bhrigu
AU  - Kapuria B
AD  - United Nation's Children Fund, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Singh, Snehil Kumar
AU  - Singh SK
AD  - National Cold Chain and Vaccine Management Resource Centre, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Gupta, Sanjay
AU  - Gupta S
AD  - National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Agarwal, Mahesh Kumar
AU  - Agarwal MK
AD  - Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Thakur, Harshad
AU  - Thakur H
AD  - National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221014
PL  - India
TA  - J Family Med Prim Care
JT  - Journal of family medicine and primary care
JID - 101610082
PMC - PMC9731079
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Effective vaccine management assessment
OT  - immunization/vaccine supply chain
OT  - transportation distribution and logistics
OT  - warehousing/stores
COIS- There are no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2022/12/13 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/13 06:01
PMCR- 2022/09/01
CRDT- 2022/12/12 11:02
PHST- 2022/01/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/12 11:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/13 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - JFMPC-11-5298 [pii]
AID - 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_22_22 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Family Med Prim Care. 2022 Sep;11(9):5298-5304. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_22_22. 
      Epub 2022 Oct 14.