PMID- 36509869
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221214
LR  - 20230115
IS  - 2045-2322 (Electronic)
IS  - 2045-2322 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Dec 12
TI  - Microwave-assisted synthesis of biodiesel by a green carbon-based heterogeneous 
      catalyst derived from areca nut husk by one-pot hydrothermal carbonization.
PG  - 21455
LID - 10.1038/s41598-022-25877-w [doi]
LID - 21455
AB  - In this study, we have synthesized a solid acid catalyst by areca nut husk using 
      low temperature hydrothermal carbonization method. The fabricated catalyst has 
      enhanced sulfonic actives sites (3.12%) and high acid density (1.88 mmol g(-1)) 
      due to -SO(3)H, which are used significantly for effective biodiesel synthesis at 
      low temperatures. The chemical composition and morphology of the catalyst is 
      determined by various techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 
      powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning electron 
      microscope (SEM), Energy disruptive spectroscopy (EDS), Mapping, 
      Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), CHNS analyzer, Transmission electron microscopy 
      (TEM), particle size analyzer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 
      Acid-base back titration method was used to determine the acid density of the 
      synthesized material. In the presence of the as-fabricated catalyst, the 
      conversion of oleic acid (OA) to methyl oleate reached 96.4% in 60 min under 
      optimized conditions (1:25 Oleic acid: methanol ratio, 80  degrees C, 60 min, 9 wt% 
      catalyst dosage) and observed low activation energy of 45.377 kJ mol(-1). The 
      presence of the porous structure and sulfonic groups of the catalyst contributes 
      to the high activity of the catalyst. The biodiesel synthesis was confirmed by 
      gas-chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance 
      (NMR). The reusability of the catalyst was examined up to four consecutive 
      cycles, yielding a high 85% transformation of OA to methyl oleate on the fourth 
      catalytic cycle.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Yadav, Gaurav
AU  - Yadav G
AD  - Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, 
      788010, India.
FAU - Yadav, Nidhi
AU  - Yadav N
AD  - Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, 
      788010, India.
FAU - Ahmaruzzaman, Md
AU  - Ahmaruzzaman M
AD  - Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, 
      788010, India. mda2002@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221212
PL  - England
TA  - Sci Rep
JT  - Scientific reports
JID - 101563288
RN  - 0 (Biofuels)
RN  - 7440-44-0 (Carbon)
RN  - 2UMI9U37CP (Oleic Acid)
RN  - 0 (Plant Oils)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Biofuels
MH  - *Carbon
MH  - Areca
MH  - Oleic Acid
MH  - Plant Oils
MH  - Catalysis
PMC - PMC9744914
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/12/13 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/15 06:00
PMCR- 2022/12/12
CRDT- 2022/12/12 23:31
PHST- 2022/09/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/12 23:31 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-022-25877-w [pii]
AID - 25877 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-022-25877-w [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 12;12(1):21455. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25877-w.