PMID- 36518471
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20221221
IS  - 2214-7500 (Electronic)
IS  - 2214-7500 (Linking)
VI  - 9
DP  - 2022
TI  - Determination of pesticide residues in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) teas in 
      South Africa.
PG  - 852-857
LID - 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.001 [doi]
AB  - An efficient gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach was used in this study 
      to quantify 13 pesticide residues in rooibos teas purchased from registered 
      retail outlets in South Africa between November 2019 and April 2020. A QuEChERS 
      (Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure was used to extract 
      pesticides using 7.5 mg of graphitized carbon black (GCB), 50 mg of primary 
      secondary amine (PSA), and 150 mg of anhydrous MgSO4. In order to compensate for 
      the matrix effect, matrix matched calibration curves ranging from 
      10 microg/kg-500 microg/kg were applied for accurate quantification. For validation 
      purposes, accuracy tests were conducted using a blank tea sample spiked with 
      pesticide standards at two different concentrations (10 and 100 mug/kg). Most of 
      the analytes were recovered within acceptable recovery ranges (72-106%), with a 
      relative standard deviation of less than 20%. The limits of quantification were 
      low, all falling below 10 mug/kg which meets the maximum residue limits (MRLs). 
      The validated method was used to analyze 100 tea samples, and among the 
      pesticides analyzed, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were detected in only 
      one samples at a concentration (92.11 and 66.41 mug/kg, respectively) below the 
      MRLs stipulated by the European Union. The level of pesticides that are commonly 
      used in tea should be checked often.
CI  - (c) 2022 The Authors.
FAU - Areo, O M
AU  - Areo OM
AD  - Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University 
      of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028 Gauteng, South Africa.
FAU - Olowoyo, J O
AU  - Olowoyo JO
AD  - Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences 
      University, School of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 139, Pretoria 0204, South 
      Africa.
FAU - Sethoga, L S
AU  - Sethoga LS
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, School of 
      Science and Technology, P.O. Box 139, Pretoria 0204, South Africa.
FAU - Adebo, O A
AU  - Adebo OA
AD  - Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University 
      of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028 Gauteng, South Africa.
FAU - Njobeh, P B
AU  - Njobeh PB
AD  - Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University 
      of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028 Gauteng, South Africa.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220415
PL  - Ireland
TA  - Toxicol Rep
JT  - Toxicology reports
JID - 101630272
PMC - PMC9743440
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Limit of quantification
OT  - Maximum residue limits
OT  - Pesticide residues
OT  - Quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe
OT  - South Africa
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/12/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/16 06:01
PMCR- 2022/04/15
CRDT- 2022/12/15 02:21
PHST- 2021/12/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/04/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/15 02:21 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/16 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/04/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2214-7500(22)00083-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.001 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxicol Rep. 2022 Apr 15;9:852-857. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.04.001. 
      eCollection 2022.