PMID- 36543865
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20221223
LR  - 20230118
IS  - 2045-2322 (Electronic)
IS  - 2045-2322 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Dec 21
TI  - Probabilistic human health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene and styrene exposure 
      using Monte Carlo simulation technique in the carpet production industry.
PG  - 22103
LID - 10.1038/s41598-022-26537-9 [doi]
LID - 22103
AB  - Chemicals containing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are commonly used in the 
      machine carpet production. 1,3-butadiene and styrene are main components of the 
      carpenter's glue used in carpet factories. Exposition to these chemicals can lead 
      to a number of adverse health effects. This is the first study of the human 
      health risk assessment due to inhalational exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) and 
      styrene (ST) performed among workers in the carpet factories in Kashan city, 
      Iran. The importance of the study was related with the fact of high popularity of 
      carpet production in the South Asia countries. Inhalation exposure to BD and ST 
      were measured based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 
      (NIOSH) 1024 and 1501 methods, respectively. The cancerogenic risk (CR) and 
      non-cancerogenic risk described as Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were calculated 
      based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method. The 
      sensitivity and uncertainty analysis were performed by the Monte Carlo simulation 
      (MCS) technique. The average concentration measured of BD and ST during work 
      shifts of employees were 0.039 mg m(-3) (0.017 ppm) and 12.108 mg m(-3) 
      (2.84 ppm), respectively. The mean +/- SD value of estimated cancerogenic risk in 
      inhalation exposure to BD and ST were equal to 5.13 x 10(-3) +/- 3.85 x 10(-4) and 
      1.44 x 10(-3) +/- 2.36 x 10(-4), respectively exceeding the acceptable risk level 
      of 10(-6) defined by USEPA. The average non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of BD 
      and ST were equal to 8.50 x 10(0) and 5.13 x 10(0), respectively exceeding the 
      acceptable risk level of 1. As the results of our studies exceeded both 
      cancerogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values it indicates that adverse health 
      effects due to inhalational exposure to BD and ST for workers in the machine 
      carpet industry are very likely. To avoid negative health effects protective 
      measures for employees in the factories should be introduced immediately and 
      furher detailed research are recommended.
CI  - (c) 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Khoshakhlagh, Amir Hossein
AU  - Khoshakhlagh AH
AD  - Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan 
      University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. ah.khoshakhlagh@gmail.com.
FAU - Gruszecka-Kosowska, Agnieszka
AU  - Gruszecka-Kosowska A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4988-173X
AD  - Department of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and 
      Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. 
      Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
FAU - Adeniji, Abiodun Olagoke
AU  - Adeniji AO
AD  - Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, 
      P. O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa.
FAU - Tran, Lang
AU  - Tran L
AD  - Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20221221
PL  - England
TA  - Sci Rep
JT  - Scientific reports
JID - 101563288
RN  - 44LJ2U959V (Styrene)
RN  - JSD5FGP5VD (1,3-butadiene)
RN  - 0 (Butadienes)
SB  - IM
MH  - United States
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Styrene/toxicity
MH  - *Occupational Exposure/adverse effects/analysis
MH  - Floors and Floorcoverings
MH  - Monte Carlo Method
MH  - Butadienes/toxicity/analysis
MH  - Risk Assessment
PMC - PMC9772311
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/12/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/24 06:00
PMCR- 2022/12/21
CRDT- 2022/12/21 23:27
PHST- 2022/09/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/21 23:27 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/21 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-022-26537-9 [pii]
AID - 26537 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41598-022-26537-9 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 21;12(1):22103. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26537-9.