PMID- 36557672
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230425
IS  - 2076-2607 (Print)
IS  - 2076-2607 (Electronic)
IS  - 2076-2607 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 12
DP  - 2022 Dec 7
TI  - Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies 
      to Animal Experiments.
LID - 10.3390/microorganisms10122419 [doi]
LID - 2419
AB  - Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic fungus that initially 
      infects the lung but can migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), resulting 
      in meningoencephalitis. The organism causes the CNS infection primarily in 
      immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients, but also, rarely, in 
      immunocompetent individuals. In HIV/AIDS patients, limited inflammation in the 
      CNS, due to impaired cellular immunity, cannot efficiently clear a C. neoformans 
      infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can rapidly restore cellular immunity in 
      HIV/AIDS patients. Paradoxically, ART induces an exaggerated inflammatory 
      response, termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), in some 
      HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with C. neoformans. A similar excessive 
      inflammation, referred to as post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome 
      (PIIRS), is also frequently seen in previously healthy individuals suffering from 
      cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcal IRIS and PIIRS are 
      life-threatening complications that kill up to one-third of affected people. In 
      this review, we summarize the inflammatory responses in the CNS during 
      HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. We overview the current 
      understanding of cryptococcal IRIS developed in HIV/AIDS patients and 
      cryptococcal PIIRS occurring in HIV-uninfected individuals. We also describe 
      currently available animal models that closely mimic aspects of cryptococcal IRIS 
      observed in HIV/AIDS patients.
FAU - Shi, Zoe W
AU  - Shi ZW
AD  - Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and 
      Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 
      20742, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, 
      MD 20742, USA.
FAU - Chen, Yanli
AU  - Chen Y
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4365-2116
AD  - Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and 
      Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 
      20742, USA.
FAU - Ogoke, Krystal M
AU  - Ogoke KM
AD  - Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and 
      Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 
      20742, USA.
FAU - Strickland, Ashley B
AU  - Strickland AB
AD  - Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and 
      Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 
      20742, USA.
FAU - Shi, Meiqing
AU  - Shi M
AD  - Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and 
      Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 
      20742, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 AI131905/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AI131219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - AI131905/NH/NIH HHS/United States
GR  - AI131219/NH/NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20221207
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Microorganisms
JT  - Microorganisms
JID - 101625893
PMC - PMC9780901
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - CD4+ T cells
OT  - CNS
OT  - CSF
OT  - Cryptococcus neoformans
OT  - HIV/AIDS
OT  - IFN-gamma
OT  - IRIS
OT  - NK cells
OT  - PIIRS
OT  - T cells
OT  - TNF-alpha
OT  - antiretroviral therapy (ART)
OT  - biomarkers
OT  - brain
OT  - central nervous system
OT  - chemokines
OT  - cryptococcal meningitis
OT  - cryptococcosis
OT  - cytokines
OT  - fungal pathogenesis
OT  - fungus
OT  - inflammation
OT  - macrophages
OT  - meningoencephalitis
OT  - microglia
OT  - monocytes
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/12/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/12/24 06:01
PMCR- 2022/12/07
CRDT- 2022/12/23 01:47
PHST- 2022/11/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/12/05 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/12/23 01:47 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/12/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/12/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - microorganisms10122419 [pii]
AID - microorganisms-10-02419 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/microorganisms10122419 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Microorganisms. 2022 Dec 7;10(12):2419. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10122419.