PMID- 36589273
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230111
IS  - 2352-8273 (Print)
IS  - 2352-8273 (Electronic)
IS  - 2352-8273 (Linking)
VI  - 21
DP  - 2023 Mar
TI  - Intra-cluster correlations in socio-demographic variables and their implications: 
      An analysis based on large-scale surveys in India.
PG  - 101317
LID - 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101317 [doi]
LID - 101317
AB  - Individuals who share similar socio-economic and cultural characteristics also 
      share similar health outcomes. Consequently, they have a propensity to cluster 
      together, which results in positive intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) 
      in their socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics. In this study, using 
      data from four rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), we estimated 
      the ICC for selected socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics in rural 
      and urban areas of six states namely Assam, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab, Uttar 
      Pradesh, and West Bengal. The socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics 
      included religion & caste of the household head, use of contraception & 
      prevalence of anaemia among currently married women and coverage of full 
      immunization services among children aged 12-23 months. ICC was computed at the 
      level ofPrimary Sampling Units (PSUs), that is, villages in rural areas and 
      census enumeration blocks in urban areas. Our research highlights high clustering 
      in terms of religion and caste within PSUs in India. In NFHS-4, the ICCs for 
      religion ranged from the lowest of 0.19 in rural areas of Kerala to the highest 
      of 0.67 in urban areas of West Bengal. For the caste of the household head, the 
      ICCs ranged from the lowest of 0.12 in the urban areas of Punjab to the highest 
      of 0.46 in the rural areas of Assam. In most of the states selected for the 
      study, the values of ICC were higher for the use of family planning methods than 
      for full immunization. The value of ICC for use of contraception was highest for 
      rural areas of Assam (0.15) followed by rural areas of Gujarat (0.13). A higher 
      value of ICC has considerable implications for determining an effective sample 
      size for large-scale surveys. Our findings agree with the fact that for a given 
      cluster size, the higher the value of ICC, the higher is the loss in precision of 
      the estimate. Knowing and taking into account ICCs can be extremely helpful in 
      determining an effective sample size when designing a large-scale demographic and 
      health survey to arrive at estimates of parameters with the desired precision.
CI  - (c) 2022 The Authors.
FAU - Dwivedi, Laxmi Kant
AU  - Dwivedi LK
AD  - Department of Survey Research & Data Analytics, International Institute for 
      Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - Mahaptra, Bidhubhusan
AU  - Mahaptra B
AD  - Population Council, New Delhi, India.
FAU - Bansal, Anjali
AU  - Bansal A
AD  - International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - Gupta, Jitendra
AU  - Gupta J
AD  - International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - Singh, Abhishek
AU  - Singh A
AD  - Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for 
      Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
FAU - Roy, T K
AU  - Roy TK
AD  - International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221215
PL  - England
TA  - SSM Popul Health
JT  - SSM - population health
JID - 101678841
PMC - PMC9798159
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Anaemia
OT  - CEB:, Census Enumeration Block
OT  - Caste
OT  - Cluster size
OT  - Clustering
OT  - EPSEM:, Equal Probability of Selection Method
OT  - Effective sample size
OT  - Full immunization
OT  - ICC
OT  - ICC:, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient
OT  - India
OT  - Intra-class correlation coefficients
OT  - Multilevel analysis
OT  - NFHS
OT  - NFHS:, National Family Health Survey
OT  - PSU
OT  - PSU:, Primary Sampling Unit
OT  - Precision loss
OT  - Religion
OT  - Sample size
OT  - Use of family planning
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/01/03 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/03 06:01
PMCR- 2022/12/15
CRDT- 2023/01/02 03:54
PHST- 2021/12/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/10/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/12/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/02 03:54 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2352-8273(22)00296-8 [pii]
AID - 101317 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101317 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - SSM Popul Health. 2022 Dec 15;21:101317. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101317. 
      eCollection 2023 Mar.