PMID- 36595174
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20231129
LR  - 20231201
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 30
IP  - 55
DP  - 2023 Nov
TI  - Suitability of the Lower Ganga basin groundwater for irrigation, using 
      hydrogeochemical parameters and land-use dynamics.
PG  - 116831-116847
LID - 10.1007/s11356-022-24708-9 [doi]
AB  - The northern Ganga basin is one of the most densely populated basins in the 
      world. Most agricultural and industrial contaminants drained in the river length 
      are likely to be accumulated in the lower part of the Ganga basin. In this study, 
      we have used ten parameters obtained from 495 sampling locations, besides using 
      long-term climate data (GLDAS_NOAH025_M) to understand the irrigation suitability 
      using the TOPSIS model. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model using TOPSIS 
      has been used to make the best choices from the available finite number of 
      alternatives based on their ranking. The entropy weights for the irrigation 
      suitability parameters such as electrical conductivity (Ec), sodium adsorption 
      ratio (SAR), magnesium hardness (MH), sodium percent (Na%), total hardness (TH), 
      Kelly's ratio (KR), permeability index (PI), chloride concentration (Cl(-)), 
      groundwater level fluctuation (GWLF), and the Lang factor (Df) are found to be 
      0.08, 0.14, 0.02, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.01, 0.32, 0.29, and 0.01, respectively. We 
      find that SAR, Cl(-), and GWLF control the water quality for irrigation in the 
      Lower Ganga basin since these parameters have relatively higher entropy weights 
      (more than 0.10). The results obtained from the computed performance index or the 
      closeness coefficient show that the area percent having very good and good 
      groundwater quality for irrigation in the Lower Ganga basin is 77.03% and 22.97% 
      respectively. The land-use change dynamics for the between 2000 and 2015 
      estimated using the transition matrix shows a positive percentage change for 
      settlement (133.50%), wetland (35.04%), and bare area (0.98%); however, several 
      other classes such as the agriculture (- 0.85%), forest (- 0.49%), grassland 
      (- 14.38%), sparse vegetation (- 11.39%), and water (- 4.12%) show a decreasing 
      trend. The highest amount of percentage change was observed in settlement areas 
      which were contributed by other land-use classes such as agriculture (694.43 
      km(2)), water (41.61 km(2)), forest (16.77 km(2)), and grassland (1.86 km(2)). 
      The results may be useful to the concerned organization for the proper planning 
      and management of water resource for sustainable development.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
      part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Hasan, Mohd Sayeed Ul
AU  - Hasan MSU
AD  - Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of 
      Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
AD  - Department of Civil Engineering, Aliah University, New Town, West Bengal, 700160, 
      India.
FAU - Rai, Abhishek Kumar
AU  - Rai AK
AD  - Centre for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of 
      Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India. 
      abhishek@coral.iitkgp.ac.in.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230103
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 9NEZ333N27 (Sodium)
SB  - IM
MH  - Water Supply
MH  - Environmental Monitoring/methods
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
MH  - *Groundwater
MH  - Water Quality
MH  - Sodium
MH  - India
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ESA-CCI
OT  - GIS
OT  - GLDAS
OT  - Irrigation suitability
OT  - TOPSIS
EDAT- 2023/01/04 06:00
MHDA- 2023/11/29 06:42
CRDT- 2023/01/03 11:21
PHST- 2021/11/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/11/29 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/03 11:21 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-022-24708-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-022-24708-9 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Nov;30(55):116831-116847. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-022-24708-9. Epub 2023 Jan 3.