PMID- 36603452
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230124
LR  - 20230124
IS  - 1873-2550 (Electronic)
IS  - 0304-4017 (Linking)
VI  - 314
DP  - 2023 Feb
TI  - Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of encystation in 
      Cryptocaryon irritans regulated by rapamycin.
PG  - 109868
LID - S0304-4017(22)00222-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109868 [doi]
AB  - Encystation in Cryptocaryon irritans is a fundamental process for environmental 
      resistance and development. Autophagy participates in the encystation of 
      ciliates, and rapamycin can induce autophagy in the cells. A set of genes and 
      metabolites related to autophagy and encystation are highly elaborative. The 
      existence of these genes and metabolites and their role are well characterized. 
      However, little is known about their role in protozoans such as ciliates. The 
      newly produced C. irritans protomonts were exposed to an optimal concentration of 
      rapamycin (1400 nM), and the survival, encystation, 
      microstructure/ultrastructure, transcriptomic and metabolomic profile in treated 
      and control protomonts were investigated. The results showed that exposure of 
      protomonts to rapamycin at 4 h significantly lowered the survival and encystation 
      rates to 91.62 % and 98.44 % compared to the control group (100 %, p </= 0.05). 
      Morphological alterations observed in light microscopy and transmission electron 
      microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the drug significantly changed cell symmetry 
      by causing the formation of various autophagic vacuoles/vesicles. The 
      transcriptome sequencing of rapamycin-treated protomont revealed that 2249 (1837 
      up-regulated and 977 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 
      identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that 
      226 DEGs were successfully annotated in 21 pathways (p<0.05), including most 
      enriched pathways apoptosis and phagosome with 25 and 24 DEGs, respectively. Most 
      unigenes were assigned to autophagy-related pathways; 24 DEGs were classified 
      into phagosomes, and 15 DEGs were assigned to lysosome pathways. Cytoskeleton and 
      cell progression-associated genes were down-regulated. Besides, cell 
      death-inducing proteins were up-regulated. The metabolomic analysis revealed 
      exposure to rapamycin treatment enhanced protomont metabolites, including 
      L-Cysteine, which is related to autophagy. Rapamycin had influenced the gene and 
      metabolites of protomont; activating autophagy with inhibition of mechanistic 
      target of rapamycin, (mTOR). The process negatively influences protomont 
      morphology, encystation, and survival. Further autophagy-related gene silencing 
      can be investigated via genome sequencing of C. irritans to study encystation.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Bushra
AU  - Bushra
AD  - School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR 
      China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the 
      Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 
      315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of 
      Education, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
FAU - Maha, Ivon F
AU  - Maha IF
AD  - School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR 
      China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the 
      Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 
      315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of 
      Education, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
FAU - Xie, Xiao
AU  - Xie X
AD  - School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR 
      China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the 
      Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 
      315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of 
      Education, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR China. 
      Electronic address: xiexiao@nbu.edu.cn.
FAU - Yin, Fei
AU  - Yin F
AD  - School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR 
      China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the 
      Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 
      315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of 
      Education, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo 315211, PR China. 
      Electronic address: yinfei@nbu.edu.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221223
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Vet Parasitol
JT  - Veterinary parasitology
JID - 7602745
RN  - W36ZG6FT64 (Sirolimus)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Ciliophora/genetics/ultrastructure
MH  - *Ciliophora Infections/veterinary
MH  - Gene Expression Profiling/veterinary
MH  - *Hymenostomatida/genetics
MH  - Metabolomics
MH  - Transcriptome
MH  - Sirolimus/pharmacology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Autophagy activation
OT  - Cryptocaryon irritans
OT  - Encystation
OT  - Metabolomics
OT  - Rapamycin
OT  - Transcriptomics
COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial 
      interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing 
      interests: Xiao Xie reports financial support was provided by Ningbo Public 
      Welfare Project (grant No. 202002N3042). Fei Yin reports financial support was 
      provided by Program of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province (grant 
      No.2021C02024). Fei Yin reports financial support was provided by Shanghai 
      Natural Science Foundation (grant No. 17ZR1439600). Fei Yin reports financial 
      support was provided by National Key Research and Development Project of China 
      (grant No.2019YFD0900102).
EDAT- 2023/01/06 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/18 06:00
CRDT- 2023/01/05 18:17
PHST- 2022/08/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/05 18:17 [entrez]
AID - S0304-4017(22)00222-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109868 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Vet Parasitol. 2023 Feb;314:109868. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109868. Epub 2022 
      Dec 23.