PMID- 36610372
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230125
LR  - 20230201
IS  - 1879-3231 (Electronic)
IS  - 0093-691X (Linking)
VI  - 198
DP  - 2023 Mar 1
TI  - Ultrasonography and elastography of the brain and cerebellum of English Bulldog 
      fetuses.
PG  - 224-230
LID - S0093-691X(22)00550-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.028 [doi]
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate B-mode ultrasonography and ARFI 
      elastography of the central nervous system of canine fetuses as complementary 
      methods to predict gestational age, monitor fetal development and establish 
      standards. Ultrasound examinations were performed on 26 English Bulldog bitches 
      at 34, 49 and 60 days of gestation. The circumference (C), area (A) and diameters 
      of the short (D1) and long (D2) axis of the two cerebral hemispheres of the 
      fetuses in cross-section were measured. Fetal cerebellum shape, echotexture, 
      echogenicity, and transverse diameter (TCD) were evaluated in cross-section. 
      Elastography was performed obtaining color elastograms and mean shear wave 
      velocity (SWV m/s) of the fetal brain and cerebellar tissues. Ultrasound 
      variables were correlated with gestational day (GD). Brain masses had a circular 
      to oval shape, hyperechoic echogenicity, and homogeneous echotexture. C and D1 
      were the more accurate variables to predict gestational day, with the formulas: 
      GD = 19.38 + 2,06 *C (R(2) = 81%) and GD = 18.93 + 7.45 *D1 (R(2) = 82%). 
      Cerebellum had a "banana" shape, with hyperechogenic edges, hypoechoic 
      echogenicity, and homogeneous echotexture. The TCD (P = 0.0001) and cerebellar 
      stiffness (P = 0.0006) were greater at 60 days than at 49 days of gestation. The 
      brain mass SWV was correlated positively with GD (P = 0.0001) and showed a 
      gradual increase (P = 0.0001) in the three gestational timepoints evaluated. 
      According to qualitative elastography, both brain mass and cerebellum became more 
      rigid over the course of gestational days. It was possible to verify the 
      development of the brain and cerebellum of canine fetuses during pregnancy by 
      ultrasonographic characteristics and B-mode dimensions, as well as by evaluating 
      the elasticity of these tissues through elastography. These unpublished findings 
      allow a better follow-up of the central nervous system development in the 
      prenatal period and may help in future studies with canine fetuses that present 
      cerebral and cerebellar abnormalities.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Pavan, Leticia
AU  - Pavan L
AD  - School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University 
      (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Gasser, Beatriz
AU  - Gasser B
AD  - School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University 
      (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Maronezi, Marjury Cristina
AU  - Maronezi MC
AD  - Autonomous Veterinary Physician, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Silva, Priscila
AU  - Silva P
AD  - Autonomous Veterinary Physician, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Uscategui, Ricardo Andres Ramirez
AU  - Uscategui RAR
AD  - INCA-CES Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 
      Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia.
FAU - Padilha-Nakaghi, Luciana Cristina
AU  - Padilha-Nakaghi LC
AD  - Autonomous Veterinary Physician, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Lima, Bruna Bressianini
AU  - Lima BB
AD  - School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University 
      (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Miranda, Brenda Santos Pompeu de
AU  - Miranda BSP
AD  - School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University 
      (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
FAU - Feliciano, Marcus Antonio Rossi
AU  - Feliciano MAR
AD  - Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - FZEA - USP, 
      Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: 
      marcusfeliciano@yahoo.com.br.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221220
PL  - United States
TA  - Theriogenology
JT  - Theriogenology
JID - 0421510
SB  - IM
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - Female
MH  - Dogs
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Elasticity Imaging Techniques
MH  - Ultrasonography, Prenatal
MH  - Ultrasonography
MH  - Fetus
MH  - Cerebellum/diagnostic imaging
MH  - Gestational Age
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biometry
OT  - Gestation
OT  - Shear wave velocity
OT  - Transverse cerebellar diameter
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing 
      interests.
EDAT- 2023/01/08 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/26 06:00
CRDT- 2023/01/07 18:23
PHST- 2022/06/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/12/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/26 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/07 18:23 [entrez]
AID - S0093-691X(22)00550-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.028 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Theriogenology. 2023 Mar 1;198:224-230. doi: 
      10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.028. Epub 2022 Dec 20.