PMID- 36621697
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230207
LR  - 20230207
IS  - 1096-1208 (Electronic)
IS  - 0882-4010 (Linking)
VI  - 175
DP  - 2023 Feb
TI  - Pathological and molecular studies on elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 
      haemorrhagic disease among captive and free-range Asian elephants in India.
PG  - 105972
LID - S0882-4010(23)00005-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105972 [doi]
AB  - In the present research pathology and molecular diagnosis of elephant 
      endotheliotropic herpes virus-haemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) among Asian 
      elephants was studied. Out of 76 cases, 20 were positive for EEHV infection in 
      PANPOL and POL1 based semi-nested PCR. Out of 20 samples, 10 samples were fatal 
      cases of EEHV-HD while 10 were of either subclinical or latent infection. Acute 
      onset haemorrhagic disease with EEHV-HD had anorexia, facial and neck swelling, 
      cyanotic buccal mucosa and tongue, nasal and ocular discharge, and colic. The 
      hallmark of gross finding in all cases were severe haemorrhagic lesions in the 
      internal organs viz. cyanosis of tongue with multifocal petechial haemorrhages, 
      diffuse epicardial and endocardial haemorrhages, swollen liver (rounded edges) 
      with parenchymal haemorrhages, serosal and mucosal haemorrhages in 
      gastrointestinal tract, congested kidneys with corticomedullary haemorrhages, 
      highly congested meninges, and brain capillaries with haemorrhages. Microscopic 
      findings in all the cases had severe vascular changes in the visceral organs. 
      Microthrombi was present in the vasculature of tongue, heart, lung, liver, 
      kidney, and brain. The endothelial lining of most of the blood vessels were 
      swollen with apoptotic changes. Amphophilic to basophilic intranuclear inclusion 
      bodies were observed in the endothelial cells. Immunostaining using anti-EEHV 
      DNAPOL hyperimmune sera revealed intense positive signals in the endothelium of 
      blood vessels and their walls. Quantification of viral load in necropsy tissue 
      samples revealed highest in the heart (7.4 x 10(6)/mug of sample) and least in the 
      brain (9 x 10(3)/mug of sample). The PCR amplicons from EEHV1 specific genes 
      (POL1(U38) and TER were subjected to partial genome sequencing which had 99.9% 
      similarity with the EEHV1A subtype. It was concluded that Asian elephants in 
      India are latently infected for EEHV1 and in all the fatal EEHV-HD cases, EEHV1A 
      subtype was the causative agent with characteristic pathomorphological changes in 
      visceral organs.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Sree Lakshmi, P
AU  - Sree Lakshmi P
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Karikalan, M
AU  - Karikalan M
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India. Electronic address: karyvet11@gmail.com.
FAU - Sharma, Gaurav K
AU  - Sharma GK
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Sharma, Kirtika
AU  - Sharma K
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Chandra Mohan, S
AU  - Chandra Mohan S
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Rajesh Kumar, K
AU  - Rajesh Kumar K
AD  - Veterinary Officer, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, The Nigiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
FAU - Miachieo, Kenei
AU  - Miachieo K
AD  - Sarguja Elephant Reserve, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India.
FAU - Kumar, Ajay
AU  - Kumar A
AD  - Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
FAU - Gupta, M K
AU  - Gupta MK
AD  - Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
FAU - Verma, Rakesh K
AU  - Verma RK
AD  - Sarguja Elephant Reserve, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India.
FAU - Sahoo, Niranjana
AU  - Sahoo N
AD  - Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Odisha, India.
FAU - Saikumar, G
AU  - Saikumar G
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Pawde, A M
AU  - Pawde AM
AD  - ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230106
PL  - England
TA  - Microb Pathog
JT  - Microbial pathogenesis
JID - 8606191
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Elephants
MH  - Endothelial Cells
MH  - *Herpesviridae
MH  - *Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
MH  - *Herpes Simplex
MH  - Hemorrhage/veterinary
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Asian elephant
OT  - EEHV1A
OT  - Haemorrhage
OT  - Immunohistochemistry
OT  - India
OT  - qPCR
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2023/01/10 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/08 06:00
CRDT- 2023/01/09 04:59
PHST- 2022/10/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/09 04:59 [entrez]
AID - S0882-4010(23)00005-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105972 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Microb Pathog. 2023 Feb;175:105972. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105972. Epub 2023 
      Jan 6.