PMID- 36623655
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230215
LR  - 20230215
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Print)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 867
DP  - 2023 Apr 1
TI  - Dependency of sanitation infrastructure on the discharge of faecal coliform and 
      SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in wastewater from COVID and non-COVID hospitals in Dhaka, 
      Bangladesh.
PG  - 161424
LID - S0048-9697(23)00039-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161424 [doi]
AB  - The detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA 
      in wastewater can be used as an indicator of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection 
      in specific catchment areas. We conducted a hospital-based study to explore 
      wastewater management in healthcare facilities and analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the 
      hospital wastewater in Dhaka city during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 
      outbreak between September 2020-January 2021. We selected three COVID-hospitals, 
      two non-COVID-hospitals, and one non-COVID-hospital with COVID wards, conducted 
      spot-checks of the sanitation systems (i.e., toilets, drainage, and septic-tank), 
      and collected 90 untreated wastewater effluent samples (68 from COVID and 22 from 
      non-COVID hospitals). E. coli was detected using a membrane filtration technique 
      and reported as colony forming unit (CFU). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using the 
      iTaq Universal Probes One-Step kit for RT-qPCR amplification of the SARS-CoV-2 
      ORF1ab and N gene targets and quantified for SARS-CoV-2 genome equivalent copies 
      (GEC) per mL of sample. None of the six hospitals had a primary wastewater 
      treatment facility; two COVID hospitals had functional septic tanks, and the rest 
      of the hospitals had either broken onsite systems or no containment of 
      wastewater. Overall, 100 % of wastewater samples were positive with a high 
      concentration of E. coli (mean = 7.0 log(10) CFU/100 mL). Overall, 67 % (60/90) 
      samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The highest SARS-CoV-2 concentrations 
      (median: 141 GEC/mL; range: 13-18,214) were detected in wastewater from 
      COVID-hospitals, and in non-COVID-hospitals, the median SARS-CoV-2 concentration 
      was 108 GEC/mL (range: 30-1829). Our results indicate that high concentrations of 
      E. coli and SARS-CoV-2 were discharged through the hospital wastewater (both 
      COVID and non-COVID) without treatment into the ambient water bodies. Although 
      there is no evidence for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater, this study 
      highlights the significant risk posed by wastewater from health care facilities 
      in Dhaka for the many other diseases that are spread via faecal oral route. 
      Hospitals in low-income settings could function as sentinel sites to monitor 
      outbreaks through wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance systems. 
      Hospitals should aim to adopt the appropriate wastewater treatment technologies 
      to reduce the discharge of pathogens into the environment and mitigate 
      environmental exposures.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Amin, Nuhu
AU  - Amin N
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Institute for Sustainable 
      Futures, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, 
      Australia. Electronic address: nuhu.amin@icddrb.org.
FAU - Haque, Rehnuma
AU  - Haque R
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Medicine, Stanford 
      University, Stanford, CA, USA.
FAU - Rahman, Md Ziaur
AU  - Rahman MZ
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur
AU  - Rahman MZ
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Mahmud, Zahid Hayat
AU  - Mahmud ZH
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Hasan, Rezaul
AU  - Hasan R
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Islam, Md Tahmidul
AU  - Islam MT
AD  - COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental 
      Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE 
      114 28 Stockholm, Sweden; WaterAid, Bangladesh.
FAU - Sarker, Protim
AU  - Sarker P
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Sarker, Supriya
AU  - Sarker S
AD  - Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Bangladesh.
FAU - Adnan, Shaikh Daud
AU  - Adnan SD
AD  - Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Bangladesh.
FAU - Akter, Nargis
AU  - Akter N
AD  - Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) section, UNICEF, Bangladesh.
FAU - Johnston, Dara
AU  - Johnston D
AD  - Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) section, UNICEF, Bangladesh.
FAU - Rahman, Mahbubur
AU  - Rahman M
AD  - Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh.
FAU - Liu, Pengbo
AU  - Liu P
AD  - Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, 
      GA, USA.
FAU - Wang, Yuke
AU  - Wang Y
AD  - Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Emory University, Atlanta, 
      GA, USA.
FAU - Shirin, Tahmina
AU  - Shirin T
AD  - Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Bangladesh.
FAU - Rahman, Mahbubur
AU  - Rahman M
AD  - Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease 
      Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Bhattacharya, Prosun
AU  - Bhattacharya P
AD  - COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental 
      Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE 
      114 28 Stockholm, Sweden.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230107
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Wastewater)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - *COVID-19/epidemiology
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Wastewater
MH  - RNA, Viral
MH  - Sanitation
MH  - Bangladesh/epidemiology
MH  - Escherichia coli
MH  - Hospitals
PMC - PMC9822545
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bangladesh
OT  - Faecal contamination
OT  - Hospital sanitation facilities
OT  - Hospital wastewater
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Viral RNA
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2023/01/10 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/16 06:00
PMCR- 2023/01/07
CRDT- 2023/01/09 19:17
PHST- 2022/11/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/09 19:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/07 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0048-9697(23)00039-6 [pii]
AID - 161424 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161424 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2023 Apr 1;867:161424. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161424. 
      Epub 2023 Jan 7.