PMID- 36668729
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230308
IS  - 2305-6304 (Electronic)
IS  - 2305-6304 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Dec 20
TI  - Microplastics in the Surface Water and Gastrointestinal Tract of Salmo trutta 
      from the Mahodand Lake, Kalam Swat in Pakistan.
LID - 10.3390/toxics11010003 [doi]
LID - 3
AB  - Microplastic pollution is becoming an increasingly severe environmental problem. 
      As compared to the marine ecosystem, freshwater ecosystems at high-altitude, 
      remote regions are less studied and lag far behind. Thus, the present study aims 
      to highlight this issue and fill the gap in this regard. The presence of 
      microplastics (MPs) in the surface water and the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) 
      of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Lake Mahodand, Kalam Swat, Pakistan, at a high 
      altitude of 2865 m above sea level was investigated. For microplastic extraction, 
      samples were digested with H2O2, NaCl solution was added for density separation, 
      and then samples were filtered with a cellulose nitrate filter (pore size 0.45 
      micro). After this, visual observation and polymer detection with Fourier transform 
      infrared spectroscopy, microplastics were characterized by their shapes, sizes, 
      colors, and polymer types. In the surface water sample, MP particles were found 
      in the range of 0-5 MPs/L, where the mean concentration of MPs was 2.3 +/- 1.52 
      MPs/L and 1.7 +/- 1.05 MPs/gastrointestinal tract (GIT) isolated from the GIT of 
      brown trout. Particles of relatively larger size (500-300 microm) were more abundant 
      than other ranges of particles (300-150 and 150-50 microm) in the surface water and 
      fish samples. The fiber was the most abundant shape of MP particles, followed by 
      sheets and fragments in surface water and fish samples (fibers > sheets > 
      fragments). Four types of polymer viz. low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (44.4%), 
      polypropylene homopolymer (PPH) (19.4%), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (30.5%), and 
      high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (5.5%) were detected by FTIR spectroscopy. The 
      findings of the present study showed that MPs reached into higher altitudes in 
      remote areas due to tourism activities.
FAU - Bilal, Muhammad
AU  - Bilal M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7911-8014
AD  - Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, 
      Pakistan.
FAU - Ul Hassan, Habib
AU  - Ul Hassan H
AD  - Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
AD  - Fisheries Development Board, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, 
      Government of Pakistan, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
FAU - Siddique, Mohammad Abdul Momin
AU  - Siddique MAM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1869-9334
AD  - Department of Oceanography, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 
      3814, Bangladesh.
FAU - Khan, Wali
AU  - Khan W
AD  - Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan.
FAU - Gabol, Karim
AU  - Gabol K
AD  - Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
FAU - Ullah, Imran
AU  - Ullah I
AD  - Fisheries Development Board, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, 
      Government of Pakistan, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
FAU - Sultana, Saira
AU  - Sultana S
AD  - Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of 
      Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
FAU - Abdali, Umaiya
AU  - Abdali U
AD  - Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of 
      Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
FAU - Mahboob, Shahid
AU  - Mahboob S
AD  - Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 
      Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Khan, Muhammad Shahab
AU  - Khan MS
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan.
FAU - Atique, Usman
AU  - Atique U
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9178-8443
AD  - Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biological Systems, 
      Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Khubaib, Muhammad
AU  - Khubaib M
AD  - Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
FAU - Arai, Takaomi
AU  - Arai T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9440-7933
AD  - Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei 
      Darussalam, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221220
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxics
JT  - Toxics
JID - 101639637
PMC - PMC9865100
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - MPs pollution
OT  - freshwater lake
OT  - high altitude
OT  - ingestion by fish
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/01/21 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/21 06:01
PMCR- 2022/12/20
CRDT- 2023/01/20 15:30
PHST- 2022/11/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/12/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/20 15:30 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/21 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxics11010003 [pii]
AID - toxics-11-00003 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxics11010003 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxics. 2022 Dec 20;11(1):3. doi: 10.3390/toxics11010003.