PMID- 36668847
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230124
LR  - 20231118
IS  - 2072-6651 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6651 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Dec 30
TI  - A Feasibility Study into the Production of a Mussel Matrix Reference Material for 
      the Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins and Nodularins.
LID - 10.3390/toxins15010027 [doi]
LID - 27
AB  - Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of 
      cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish 
      and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. 
      Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the 
      availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, 
      validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the 
      preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of 
      microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated 
      into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass 
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC 
      coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in 
      the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using 
      LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and 
      with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric 
      acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the 
      different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay 
      cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect 
      bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from 
      the four independent test methods was 2425 +/- 575 microg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 +/- 9% 
      of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form 
      (57 +/- 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored 
      in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. 
      Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which 
      demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference 
      materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future 
      resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation.
FAU - Turner, Andrew D
AU  - Turner AD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1390-0924
AD  - Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth 
      DT4 8UB, UK.
FAU - Beach, Daniel G
AU  - Beach DG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5680-2112
AD  - Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, 
      Canada.
FAU - Foss, Amanda
AU  - Foss A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0412-3879
AD  - Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA.
FAU - Samdal, Ingunn A
AU  - Samdal IA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5225-2494
AD  - Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 As, Norway.
FAU - Lovberg, Kjersti L E
AU  - Lovberg KLE
AD  - Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 As, Norway.
FAU - Waack, Julia
AU  - Waack J
AD  - Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth 
      DT4 8UB, UK.
AD  - CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, 
      Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
FAU - Edwards, Christine
AU  - Edwards C
AD  - CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, 
      Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
FAU - Lawton, Linda A
AU  - Lawton LA
AD  - CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, 
      Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
FAU - Dean, Karl J
AU  - Dean KJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7803-6690
AD  - Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth 
      DT4 8UB, UK.
FAU - Maskrey, Benjamin H
AU  - Maskrey BH
AD  - Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth 
      DT4 8UB, UK.
FAU - Lewis, Adam M
AU  - Lewis AM
AD  - Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth 
      DT4 8UB, UK.
LA  - eng
GR  - BB/S004211/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United 
      Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20221230
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Toxins (Basel)
JT  - Toxins
JID - 101530765
RN  - 77238-39-2 (microcystin)
RN  - 0 (Microcystins)
RN  - 0979BIK2QU (nodularin)
RN  - 0 (Cyanobacteria Toxins)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Microcystins/analysis
MH  - Cyanobacteria Toxins
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid/methods
MH  - Feasibility Studies
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
MH  - *Bivalvia/chemistry
MH  - Shellfish/analysis
PMC - PMC9867187
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - LC-HRMS
OT  - LC-MS/MS
OT  - microcystins
OT  - mussels
OT  - nodularins
OT  - quality control
OT  - reference materials
OT  - shellfish
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/01/21 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/25 06:00
PMCR- 2022/12/30
CRDT- 2023/01/20 15:33
PHST- 2022/11/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/12/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/12/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/20 15:33 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/25 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/12/30 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - toxins15010027 [pii]
AID - toxins-15-00027 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/toxins15010027 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Toxins (Basel). 2022 Dec 30;15(1):27. doi: 10.3390/toxins15010027.