PMID- 36683952
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230918
IS  - 2666-5158 (Electronic)
IS  - 2666-5158 (Linking)
VI  - 2
DP  - 2022
TI  - Agrochemical contaminants in six species of edible insects from Uganda and Kenya.
PG  - 100049
LID - 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100049 [doi]
LID - 100049
AB  - Edible insects are currently promoted worldwide as an alternative animal protein 
      source, but they are mostly still harvested from the wild where they are 
      predisposed to contamination with agrochemicals. This study analysed six species 
      of edible insects (Ruspolia differens, Rhynchophorus phoenicis, Schistocerca 
      gregaria, Oryctes sp, Pachnoda ephippiata and Acanthoplus sp) collected from 
      different habitats and/or reared in the laboratory in Kenya and Uganda for safety 
      from agrochemical contaminants using liquid chromatography tandem mass 
      spectrometry. The residue levels were statistically compared with the Codex 
      Alimentarius Commission maximum residue limits (MRLs). Residues of only nine 
      agrochemicals were detected in the insects out of 374 chemicals which were 
      screened. The detected agrochemicals include two insecticides (aminocarb and 
      pymetrozine), three herbicides (atraton, methabenzthiazuron and metazachlor) and 
      four fungicides (carboxin, fenpropimorph, fludioxonil and metalaxyl). Ruspolia 
      differens and adult Oryctes sp were free from detectable levels of any 
      agrochemical. Whereas the pesticides residue levels in most insect samples were 
      within maximum residue limits, some of them notably P. ephippiata from black 
      soldier fly larval frass, R. phoenicis from oil palm and P. ephippiata from plant 
      compost contained 2-, 8- and 49-fold higher levels of atraton, methabenzthiazuron 
      and metazachlor, respectively, than MRLs. These findings demonstrate that edible 
      insects may accumulate harmful residues of agrochemicals from the environment 
      where they breed or forage, rendering them unsafe for human consumption or 
      feeding animals. The mechanisms for possible bioaccumulation of these 
      agrochemicals in the insects remains to be investigated. Development of methods 
      for farming edible insects under regulated indoor conditions to ensure their 
      safety as sources of food or feed is recommended.
CI  - (c) 2022 The Author(s).
FAU - Labu, Simon
AU  - Labu S
AD  - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, 
      Nairobi, Kenya.
AD  - Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural 
      Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
FAU - Subramanian, Sevgan
AU  - Subramanian S
AD  - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, 
      Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Cheseto, Xavier
AU  - Cheseto X
AD  - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, 
      Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Akite, Perpetra
AU  - Akite P
AD  - Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural 
      Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
FAU - Kasangaki, Patrice
AU  - Kasangaki P
AD  - National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P. O. Box 5704, Kampala, Uganda.
FAU - Chemurot, Moses
AU  - Chemurot M
AD  - Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural 
      Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
FAU - Tanga, Chrysantus M
AU  - Tanga CM
AD  - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, 
      Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Salifu, Daisy
AU  - Salifu D
AD  - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, 
      Nairobi, Kenya.
FAU - Egonyu, James P
AU  - Egonyu JP
AD  - International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, 
      Nairobi, Kenya.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20221101
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Curr Res Insect Sci
JT  - Current research in insect science
JID - 9918231903506676
PMC - PMC9846455
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Chemical contaminants
OT  - Environment
OT  - Food safety
OT  - Maximum residue limits
OT  - Pesticides
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2023/01/24 06:00
MHDA- 2023/01/24 06:01
PMCR- 2022/11/01
CRDT- 2023/01/23 04:19
PHST- 2022/06/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/10/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/10/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/23 04:19 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/01/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/01/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/11/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2666-5158(22)00021-X [pii]
AID - 100049 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100049 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Curr Res Insect Sci. 2022 Nov 1;2:100049. doi: 10.1016/j.cris.2022.100049. 
      eCollection 2022.