PMID- 36717058
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230228
LR  - 20231026
IS  - 1532-8600 (Electronic)
IS  - 0026-0495 (Linking)
VI  - 141
DP  - 2023 Apr
TI  - The global syndemic of metabolic diseases in the young adult population: A 
      consortium of trends and projections from the Global Burden of Disease 2000-2019.
PG  - 155402
LID - S0026-0495(23)00005-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155402 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of premature deaths globally are related to 
      metabolic diseases in young adults. We examined the global trends and mortality 
      of metabolic diseases in individuals aged below 40 years using data from the 
      Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. METHODS: 
      From 2000 to 2019, global estimates of deaths and disability-adjusted life years 
      (DALYs) were described for metabolic diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], 
      hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 
      [NAFLD]). Subgroup analyses were performed based on sex, geographical regions and 
      Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). Age-standardised death and DALYs were presented 
      per 100,000 population with 95 % uncertainty intervals (UI). Projections of 
      mortality and DALYs were estimated using regression models based on the GBD 2019 
      data and combining them with Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 
      projection counts for years up to 2050. RESULTS: In 2019, the highest 
      age-standardised death rates were observed in hypertension (133.88 
      [121.25-155.73]), followed by obesity (62.59 [39.92-89.13]), hyperlipidemia 
      (56.51 [41.83-73.62]), T2DM (18.49 [17.18-19.66]) and NAFLD (2.09 [1.61-2.60]). 
      Similarly, obesity (1932.54 [1276.61-2639.74]) had the highest age-standardised 
      DALYs, followed by hypertension (2885.57 [2580.75-3201.05]), hyperlipidemia 
      (1207.15 [975.07-1461.11]), T2DM (801.55 [670.58-954.43]) and NAFLD (53.33 
      [40.73-68.29]). Mortality rates decreased over time in hyperlipidemia (-0.6 %), 
      hypertension (-0.47 %), NAFLD (-0.31 %) and T2DM (-0.20 %), but not in obesity 
      (1.07 % increase). The highest metabolic-related mortality was observed in 
      Eastern Mediterranean and low SDI countries. By 2050, obesity is projected to 
      contribute to the largest number of deaths (102.8 % increase from 2019), followed 
      by hypertension (61.4 % increase), hyperlipidemia (60.8 % increase), T2DM 
      (158.6 % increase) and NAFLD (158.4 % increase), with males continuing to bear 
      the greatest burden across all metabolic diseases. CONCLUSION: The growing burden 
      of metabolic diseases, increasing obesity-related mortality trends, and the 
      sex-regional-socioeconomic disparities evident in young adulthood, underlie the 
      concerning growing global burden of metabolic diseases now and in future.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Chong, Bryan
AU  - Chong B
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Kong, Gwyneth
AU  - Kong G
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Shankar, Kannan
AU  - Shankar K
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Chew, H S Jocelyn
AU  - Chew HSJ
AD  - Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National 
      University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Lin, Chaoxing
AU  - Lin C
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Goh, Rachel
AU  - Goh R
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Chin, Yip Han
AU  - Chin YH
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Tan, Darren Jun Hao
AU  - Tan DJH
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Chan, Kai En
AU  - Chan KE
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Lim, Wen Hui
AU  - Lim WH
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Syn, Nicholas
AU  - Syn N
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Division of General Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University 
      Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Chan, Siew Pang
AU  - Chan SP
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Department of Biostatistics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, National 
      University Heart Centre, NUHS, Singapore; Department of Cardiology, National 
      University Heart Centre, National University Health System, Singapore.
FAU - Wang, Jiong-Wei
AU  - Wang JW
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National 
      University Heart Centre, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research 
      Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National 
      University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Khoo, Chin Meng
AU  - Khoo CM
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 
      Singapore.
FAU - Dimitriadis, Georgios K
AU  - Dimitriadis GK
AD  - Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation 
      Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom; Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and 
      Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Diabetes, Faculty of 
      Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, School of Life Course Sciences, King's 
      College London, London, United Kingdom.
FAU - Wijarnpreecha, Karn
AU  - Wijarnpreecha K
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona College of 
      Medicine Phoenix, USA.
FAU - Sanyal, Arun
AU  - Sanyal A
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal 
      Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
FAU - Noureddin, Mazen
AU  - Noureddin M
AD  - Houston Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
FAU - Siddiqui, Mohammad Shadab
AU  - Siddiqui MS
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal 
      Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
FAU - Foo, Roger
AU  - Foo R
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, National University 
      Health System, Singapore.
FAU - Mehta, Anurag
AU  - Mehta A
AD  - Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
FAU - Figtree, Gemma A
AU  - Figtree GA
AD  - Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of 
      Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal North 
      Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
FAU - Hausenloy, Derek J
AU  - Hausenloy DJ
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of 
      Singapore Medical School, Singapore; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, 
      National Heart Centre, Singapore; The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University 
      College London, London, UK; Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical 
      and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taiwan.
FAU - Chan, Mark Y
AU  - Chan MY
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, National University 
      Health System, Singapore.
FAU - Ng, Cheng Han
AU  - Ng CH
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
FAU - Muthiah, Mark
AU  - Muthiah M
AD  - Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National 
      University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; National University Centre for Organ 
      Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore.
FAU - Mamas, Mamas A
AU  - Mamas MA
AD  - Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Keele 
      Cardiac Research Group, Centre for Prognosis Research, Keele University, 
      Stoke-on-Trent, UK.
FAU - Chew, Nicholas W S
AU  - Chew NWS
AD  - Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; 
      Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, National University 
      Health System, Singapore. Electronic address: nicholas_ws_chew@nuhs.edu.sg.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230128
PL  - United States
TA  - Metabolism
JT  - Metabolism: clinical and experimental
JID - 0375267
SB  - IM
CIN - Metabolism. 2023 Nov;148:155691. PMID: 37748677
MH  - Male
MH  - Humans
MH  - Young Adult
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Global Burden of Disease
MH  - Quality-Adjusted Life Years
MH  - *Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MH  - Syndemic
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - *Metabolic Diseases
MH  - Obesity
MH  - *Hypertension
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Diabetes mellitus
OT  - Global burden
OT  - Hypertension
OT  - Metabolic disease
OT  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
COIS- Declaration of competing interest MYC receives speaker's fees and research grants 
      from Astra Zeneca, Abbott Technologies and Boston Scientific. AS is the President 
      of Sanyal Biotechnology and has stock options in Genfit, Akarna, Tiziana, Indalo, 
      Durect, and Galmed. He has served as a consultant to Astra Zeneca, Nitto Denko, 
      Enyo, Ardelyx, Conatus, Nimbus, Amarin, Salix, Tobira, Takeda, Jannsen, Gilead, 
      Terns, Birdrock, Merck, Valeant, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Hemoshear, Zafgen, 
      Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Exhalenz, and Genfit. He has been an unpaid 
      consultant to Intercept, Echosens, Immuron, Galectin, Fractyl, Syntlogic, 
      Affimune, Chemomab, Zydus, Nordic Bioscience, Albireo, Prosciento, Surrozen, and 
      Bristol Myers Squibb. His institution has received grant support from Gilead, 
      Salix, Tobira, Bristol Myers Squibb, Shire, Intercept, Merck, Astra Zeneca, 
      Malinckrodt, Cumberland, and Norvatis. He receives royalties from Elsevier and 
      UptoDate. MN has been on the advisory board for 89BIO, Gilead, Intercept, Pfizer, 
      Novo Nordisk, Blade, EchoSens, Fractyl, Terns, Siemens, Roche Diagnostic, 
      Altimmune, cohBar, Cytodyn, Madrigial, NorthSea, and Prespecturm. He has received 
      research support from Allergan, BMS, Gilead, Galmed, Galectin, Genfit, Conatus, 
      Enanta, Madrigal, Novartis, Pfizer, Shire, Viking, and Zydus. He is a shareholder 
      or has stocks in Anaetos, Chrownwell, Ciema, Rivus Pharma, and Viking. GF 
      receives funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council 
      (Australia), New South Wales Office of Health and Medical Research, and Heart 
      Research Australia. She reports personal consulting fees from CSL, Janssen, 
      Amgen, and Boehringer Ingelheim and grants from Abbott Diagnostic outside the 
      submitted work. In addition, G.F. has a patent Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress 
      awarded USA May 2017 (US9638699B2) issued to Northern Sydney Local Health 
      District.
EDAT- 2023/01/31 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/03 06:00
CRDT- 2023/01/30 19:28
PHST- 2022/12/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/01/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/01/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/03 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/30 19:28 [entrez]
AID - S0026-0495(23)00005-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155402 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Metabolism. 2023 Apr;141:155402. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155402. Epub 2023 
      Jan 28.