PMID- 36768140
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230214
LR  - 20230214
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 24
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Jan 17
TI  - The Black Box Orchestra of Gut Bacteria and Bile Acids: Who Is the Conductor?
LID - 10.3390/ijms24031816 [doi]
LID - 1816
AB  - Over the past decades the potential role of the gut microbiome and bile acids in 
      type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been revealed, with a special reference to 
      low bacterial alpha diversity. Certain bile acid effects on gut bacteria concern 
      cytotoxicity, or in the case of the microbiome, bacteriotoxicity. Reciprocally, 
      the gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating the bile acid pool by 
      influencing the conversion and (de)conjugation of primary bile acids into 
      secondary bile acids. Three main groups of bacterial enzymes responsible for the 
      conversion of bile acids are bile salt hydrolases (BSHs), hydroxysteroid 
      dehydrogenases (HSDHs) and enzymes encoded in the bile acid inducible (Bai) 
      operon genes. Interventions such as probiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiome 
      transplantation can impact bile acids levels. Further evidence of the reciprocal 
      interaction between gut microbiota and bile acids comes from a multitude of 
      nutritional interventions including macronutrients, fibers, prebiotics, specific 
      individual products or diets. Finally, anatomical changes after bariatric surgery 
      are important because of their metabolic effects. The heterogeneity of studies, 
      diseases, bacterial species and (epi)genetic influences such as nutrition may 
      challenge establishing specific and detailed interventions that aim to tackle the 
      gut microbiome and bile acids.
FAU - Majait, Soumia
AU  - Majait S
AD  - Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical 
      Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Nieuwdorp, Max
AU  - Nieuwdorp M
AD  - Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical 
      Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Kemper, Marleen
AU  - Kemper M
AD  - Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical 
      Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
FAU - Soeters, Maarten
AU  - Soeters M
AD  - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 
      1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230117
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
RN  - 0 (Bile Acids and Salts)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MH  - Bacteria/metabolism
MH  - *Microbiota
MH  - *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
PMC - PMC9916144
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - bile acids
OT  - enterohepatic circulation
OT  - gut microbiome
OT  - nutrition
OT  - prebiotics
OT  - probiotics
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- M.N. is founder and a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Caelus 
      Pharmaceuticals, The Netherlands: none of these possible conflicts of interest 
      bear direct relations to the outcomes of this specific review.
EDAT- 2023/02/12 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/15 06:00
PMCR- 2023/01/17
CRDT- 2023/02/11 01:18
PHST- 2022/11/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/01/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/02/11 01:18 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/02/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/17 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijms24031816 [pii]
AID - ijms-24-01816 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms24031816 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 17;24(3):1816. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031816.