PMID- 36771474
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230214
LR  - 20230214
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Feb 2
TI  - Effects of Vitamin D on Cardiovascular Risk and Oxidative Stress.
LID - 10.3390/nu15030769 [doi]
LID - 769
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D has been primarily studied as an important factor 
      influencing bone and calcium metabolism. Metabolites of vitamin D are essential 
      for whole-body calcium homeostasis, maintaining serum calcium levels within a 
      narrow range by regulating this process in the bones and gut. Nevertheless, its 
      deficiency is also related to increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 
      metabolic syndrome (MS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-with increased visceral 
      adipose tissue and body mass index (BMI), as well as the frequently associated 
      hypercholesterolemia. It has been reported that vitamin D levels are inversely 
      related to cardiovascular (CV) risk in men and women. However, the effects of 
      vitamin D on distinct outcomes in women and the dose of supplementation needed to 
      improve clinical endpoints have not been established. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 
      [25(OH)D] reduces systemic inflammatory mediators in CVD and favors the release 
      of anti-inflammatory cytokines from the immune system. In addition, 25(OH)D can 
      be primarily converted into calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 
      [1,25(OH)2D]) in the kidneys through the action of the 1-alpha-hydroxylase enzyme. 
      Calcitriol, through the downregulation mechanism of renin expression, 
      renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, and its interaction with 
      the vitamin D receptor, can bring CV benefits. The calcitriol form also lowers 
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels by indirectly causing a reduction in aldosterone 
      and mineralocorticoid synthesis. Elevated plasma aldosterone is related to 
      endothelial dysfunction and CVD in hypovitaminosis D status. CONCLUSION: Vitamin 
      D supplementation may benefit certain risk groups, as it improves metabolic 
      variables, reducing oxidative stress and CV outcomes. More studies are needed to 
      define interventions with vitamin D in men and women.
FAU - Renke, Guilherme
AU  - Renke G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7940-3667
AD  - National Institute of Cardiology, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 
      21040-900, Brazil.
AD  - Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 
      22640-100, Brazil.
FAU - Starling-Soares, Bernardo
AU  - Starling-Soares B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0730-7684
AD  - Extreme Sports Nutrition Institute-INEE, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
FAU - Baesso, Thomaz
AU  - Baesso T
AD  - Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 
      22640-100, Brazil.
FAU - Petronio, Rayssa
AU  - Petronio R
AD  - Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 
      22640-100, Brazil.
FAU - Aguiar, Danilo
AU  - Aguiar D
AD  - Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 
      22640-100, Brazil.
FAU - Paes, Raphaela
AU  - Paes R
AD  - Nutrindo Ideais Performance and Nutrition Research Center, Rio de Janeiro 
      22640-100, Brazil.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230202
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - FXC9231JVH (Calcitriol)
RN  - SY7Q814VUP (Calcium)
RN  - 4964P6T9RB (Aldosterone)
RN  - 1406-16-2 (Vitamin D)
RN  - 0 (Vitamins)
RN  - 0 (Parathyroid Hormone)
SB  - IM
MH  - Male
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Calcitriol
MH  - *Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control
MH  - Calcium/metabolism
MH  - Aldosterone
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MH  - Risk Factors
MH  - Vitamin D
MH  - *Vitamin D Deficiency/complications
MH  - Vitamins
MH  - Parathyroid Hormone
MH  - Heart Disease Risk Factors
MH  - Oxidative Stress
PMC - PMC9920542
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D], 
      calcitriol
OT  - cardiovascular
OT  - oxidative stress
OT  - vitamin D
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/02/12 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/15 06:00
PMCR- 2023/02/02
CRDT- 2023/02/11 01:38
PHST- 2022/12/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/01/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/02/11 01:38 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/02/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/02/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu15030769 [pii]
AID - nutrients-15-00769 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu15030769 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2023 Feb 2;15(3):769. doi: 10.3390/nu15030769.