PMID- 36774232
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230321
LR  - 20240409
IS  - 1541-6100 (Electronic)
IS  - 0022-3166 (Print)
IS  - 0022-3166 (Linking)
VI  - 153
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Mar
TI  - Trends in Food Consumption Among Children Aged 1-4 Years by Participation in the 
      Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, United 
      States, 2005-2018.
PG  - 839-847
LID - S0022-3166(23)02519-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.016 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2009, the US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition 
      Service's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children 
      (WIC) food packages were revised to include more whole fruits, vegetables, whole 
      grains, and lower-fat milk. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe 
      trends over time in the consumption of fruits (total and whole), vegetables, 
      whole grains, milk (whole, reduced fat, low-fat or nonfat (LFNF), and flavored), 
      and added sugars, including breakfast cereals, by WIC participation status 
      (current WIC recipient, WIC income-eligible nonrecipient, and WIC 
      income-ineligible nonrecipient). METHODS: Dietary intakes on a given day for 1- 
      to 4-y-old children (n = 5568) from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition 
      Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed to examine trends in the percentage of 
      individuals consuming and amounts consumed over time using linear regression 
      adjusted for age, sex, and race and Hispanic origin. RESULTS: From 2005 through 
      2018, the percentage of WIC recipients or WIC income-eligible nonrecipients 
      consuming fruits and vegetables on a given day did not change, but the percentage 
      of fruit consumed as whole fruit increased significantly among WIC recipients 
      (36.4%-62.1%), but not among income-eligible nonrecipients. Among the WIC 
      recipients, the percentage of consumption (5.5%-29.3%), the amount of LFNF milk 
      servings consumed (0.1-0.4 cups), and the percentage of the total milk consumed 
      as LFNF milk (4.8%-27%) significantly increased from 2005 to 2018. Conversely, 
      the percentage of energy (12.3%-10.8%) and servings (11.4-10.6 teaspoons) from 
      added sugars declined significantly. Among WIC-eligible nonrecipients, the 
      servings of whole grains increased significantly, whereas servings and percentage 
      of energy from added sugars declined significantly. CONCLUSIONS: From 2005 
      through 2018, changes in dietary patterns for WIC recipients did not always 
      mirror those of US children of the same age. The percentage of fruit consumed as 
      whole fruit, and the percentage and quantity of milk consumed as LFNF milk 
      increased significantly among WIC recipients, but not among income-eligible 
      nonrecipients. J Nutr 20XX;xx:xx-xx.
CI  - Published by Elsevier Inc.
FAU - Fryar, Cheryl D
AU  - Fryar CD
AD  - National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and 
      Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA. Electronic address: cfryar@cdc.gov.
FAU - Wambogo, Edwina A
AU  - Wambogo EA
AD  - National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and 
      Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
FAU - Scanlon, Kelley S
AU  - Scanlon KS
AD  - United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Alexandria, 
      VA, USA.
FAU - Terry, Ana L
AU  - Terry AL
AD  - National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and 
      Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
FAU - Ogden, Cynthia L
AU  - Ogden CL
AD  - National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and 
      Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230113
PL  - United States
TA  - J Nutr
JT  - The Journal of nutrition
JID - 0404243
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Infant
MH  - Child
MH  - United States
MH  - Female
MH  - Animals
MH  - Nutrition Surveys
MH  - *Eating
MH  - Vegetables
MH  - Fruit
MH  - Milk
MH  - *Food Assistance
PMC - PMC11000027
MID - NIHMS1975662
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - NHANES
OT  - WIC
OT  - diet
OT  - nutrition
OT  - toddlers
COIS- Author disclosures The authors report no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2023/02/12 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/22 06:00
PMCR- 2024/04/08
CRDT- 2023/02/11 22:00
PHST- 2022/09/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/11/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/01/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/02/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/02/11 22:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2024/04/08 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0022-3166(23)02519-1 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.016 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Nutr. 2023 Mar;153(3):839-847. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.016. Epub 2023 Jan 
      13.