PMID- 36778868
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230214
IS  - 1664-302X (Print)
IS  - 1664-302X (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-302X (Linking)
VI  - 14
DP  - 2023
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of liraglutide versus metformin in modulating the gut 
      microbiota for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with nonalcoholic 
      fatty liver disease.
PG  - 1088187
LID - 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1088187 [doi]
LID - 1088187
AB  - Metformin and liraglutide are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus 
      (T2DM) complicated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although these 
      drugs can alter the intestinal microbiome, clinical data are required to explore 
      their mechanisms of action. Using 16S sequencing technology, we analyzed and 
      compared the intestinal bacterial community structure and function between 
      patients before and after treatment (12 weeks) with the two drugs (metformin or 
      liraglutide, n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 15). Moreover, combined with 19 
      clinical indices, the potential therapeutic mechanisms of the two drugs were 
      compared. The studied clinical indices included those associated with islet 
      beta-cell function (FPG, FINS, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR), inflammation (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and 
      APN), lipid metabolism (TC, TG, and LDL-C), and liver function (ALT, AST, and 
      GGT); the values of all indices changed significantly after treatment (p < 0.01). 
      In addition, the effect of the two drugs on the intestinal bacterial community 
      varied. Liraglutide treatment significantly increased the diversity and richness 
      of the intestinal bacterial community (p < 0.05); it significantly increased the 
      relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Bacilli, whereas 
      metformin treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of 
      Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria (p < 0.05). Metformin treatment increased the 
      complexity and stability of the intestinal bacterial network. However, 
      liraglutide treatment had a weaker effect on the intestinal bacterial network, 
      and the network after treatment was similar to that in healthy controls. 
      Correlation matrix analysis between dominant genera and clinical indicators 
      showed that the correlation between the bacterial community and islet beta-cell 
      function was stronger after liraglutide treatment, whereas the correlation 
      between the bacterial community and inflammation-related factors was stronger 
      after metformin treatment. Functional prediction showed that liraglutide could 
      significantly affect the abundance of functional genes related to T2DM and NAFLD 
      (p < 0.05), but the effect of metformin was not significant. This study is the 
      first to report the changes in the intestinal bacterial community in patients 
      treated with metformin or liraglutide and the differences between the mechanisms 
      of action of metformin and liraglutide. Metformin or liraglutide has a 
      therapeutic value in T2DM complicated with NAFLD, with liraglutide having a 
      weaker effect on the intestinal bacterial community but a better therapeutic 
      efficacy.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Ying, Rongjiong, Kahaer, Chunhui and Wulasihan.
FAU - Ying, Xing
AU  - Ying X
AD  - Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine Department 4, The First Affiliated 
      Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
FAU - Rongjiong, Zheng
AU  - Rongjiong Z
AD  - Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang 
      Medical University, Urumqi, China.
FAU - Kahaer, Mayila
AU  - Kahaer M
AD  - Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine Department 4, The First Affiliated 
      Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
FAU - Chunhui, Jiang
AU  - Chunhui J
AD  - Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine Department 4, The First Affiliated 
      Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
FAU - Wulasihan, Muhuyati
AU  - Wulasihan M
AD  - Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical 
      University, Urumqi, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230126
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Microbiol
JT  - Frontiers in microbiology
JID - 101548977
PMC - PMC9909237
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - NAFLD
OT  - T2DM
OT  - intestinal microorganism
OT  - liraglutide
OT  - metformin
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/02/14 06:00
MHDA- 2023/02/14 06:01
PMCR- 2023/01/26
CRDT- 2023/02/13 03:52
PHST- 2022/11/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/01/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/02/13 03:52 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/02/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/14 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1088187 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Microbiol. 2023 Jan 26;14:1088187. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1088187. 
      eCollection 2023.