PMID- 36781434 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20230321 LR - 20230322 IS - 1432-0738 (Electronic) IS - 0340-5761 (Print) IS - 0340-5761 (Linking) VI - 97 IP - 4 DP - 2023 Apr TI - Influence of deoxynivalenol-contaminated feed on the immune response of pigs after PRRSV vaccination and infection. PG - 1079-1089 LID - 10.1007/s00204-023-03449-9 [doi] AB - The impact of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccination and infection was investigated. Forty-two weaned piglets were separated into seven groups and received three different diets: Low DON (1.09 ppm), High DON (2.81 ppm) or No DON. These three treatments were split further into either vaccinated (Ingelvac PRRSFLEX EU) and challenged with PRRSV 28 days post-vaccination, or only infected at day 28. A seventh group received no DON, no vaccination, and no infection. Two weeks after challenge infection, when pigs were euthanized, the number of IFN-gamma producing lymphocytes in the blood of vaccinated animals was lower in pigs on High DON compared to animals on Low DON or No DON. Intracellular cytokine staining showed that vaccinated animals fed with the Low DON diet had higher frequencies of TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma co-producing CD4(+) T cells than the other two vaccinated groups, particularly in lung tissue. Vaccinated animals on High DON had similar viral loads in the lung as the non-vaccinated groups, but several animals of the Low DON or No DON group receiving vaccination had reduced titers. In these two groups, there was a negative correlation between lung virus titers and vaccine-specific TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma co-producing CD4(+) T cells located either in lung tissue or blood. These results indicate that after PRRSV vaccination and infection, high levels of DON negatively influence immune parameters and clearance of the virus, whereas low DON concentrations have immunomodulatory effects. CI - (c) 2023. The Author(s). FAU - Pierron, Alix AU - Pierron A AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. AD - ENVT (National Veterinary School of Toulouse), IHAP, Toulouse, France. FAU - Vatzia, Eleni AU - Vatzia E AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. AD - The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK. FAU - Stadler, Maria AU - Stadler M AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Mair, Kerstin H AU - Mair KH AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Schmidt, Selma AU - Schmidt S AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. AD - The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK. FAU - Stas, Melissa R AU - Stas MR AD - University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Durlinger, Sophie AU - Durlinger S AD - University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Kreutzmann, Heinrich AU - Kreutzmann H AD - University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Knecht, Christian AU - Knecht C AD - University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Balka, Gyula AU - Balka G AD - Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary. AD - National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary. FAU - Lagler, Julia AU - Lagler J AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. AD - Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. FAU - Zaruba, Marianne AU - Zaruba M AD - Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Rumenapf, Till AU - Rumenapf T AD - Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Saalmuller, Armin AU - Saalmuller A AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Mayer, Elisabeth AU - Mayer E AD - DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln, Austria. FAU - Ladinig, Andrea AU - Ladinig A AD - University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. FAU - Gerner, Wilhelm AU - Gerner W AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2431-5889 AD - Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. wilhelm.gerner@vetmeduni.ac.at. AD - The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK. wilhelm.gerner@vetmeduni.ac.at. LA - eng GR - 855707/Osterreichische Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230213 PL - Germany TA - Arch Toxicol JT - Archives of toxicology JID - 0417615 RN - JT37HYP23V (deoxynivalenol) RN - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) RN - 0 (Antibodies, Viral) SB - IM MH - Swine MH - Animals MH - *Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus MH - *Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control MH - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha MH - Antibodies, Viral MH - Immunity PMC - PMC10025202 OTO - NOTNLM OT - CD4+ T cells OT - Deoxynivalenol OT - Infection OT - PRRSV OT - Pig OT - Vaccination COIS- EM is employed by DSM/BIOMIN, which operates the BIOMIN Holding GmbH. This, however, did not influence the design of the experimental studies or bias the presentation and interpretation of results. All other authors declare no conflict of interest. EDAT- 2023/02/14 06:00 MHDA- 2023/03/22 06:00 PMCR- 2023/02/13 CRDT- 2023/02/13 23:13 PHST- 2022/10/01 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/01/24 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/02/14 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/03/22 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2023/02/13 23:13 [entrez] PHST- 2023/02/13 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1007/s00204-023-03449-9 [pii] AID - 3449 [pii] AID - 10.1007/s00204-023-03449-9 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Arch Toxicol. 2023 Apr;97(4):1079-1089. doi: 10.1007/s00204-023-03449-9. Epub 2023 Feb 13.