PMID- 36824658
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230226
IS  - 2666-5344 (Electronic)
IS  - 2666-5344 (Linking)
VI  - 2
DP  - 2021 Jun
TI  - Current interpretations on the in vivo response of bone to additively 
      manufactured metallic porous scaffolds: A review.
PG  - 100013
LID - 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100013 [doi]
LID - 100013
AB  - Recent advances in the field of metallic additive manufacturing have expanded 
      production capabilities for bone implants to include porous lattice structures. 
      While traditional models of de novo bone formation can be applied to fully dense 
      implant materials, their applicability to the interior of porous materials has 
      not been well-characterized. Unlike other reviews that focus on materials and 
      mechanical properties of lattice structures, this review compiles biological 
      performance from in vivo studies in pre-clinical models only. First, we introduce 
      the most common lattice geometry designs employed in vivo and discuss some of 
      their fabrication advantages and limitations. Then lattice geometry is correlated 
      to quantitative (histomorphometric) and qualitative (histological) assessments of 
      osseointegration. We group studies according to two common implant variables: 
      pore size and percent porosity, and explore the extent of osseointegration using 
      common measures, including bone-implant contact (BIC), bone area (BA), bone 
      volume/total volume (BV/TV) and biomechanical stability, for various animal 
      models and implantation times. Based on this, trends related to in vivo bone 
      formation on the interior of lattice structures are presented. Common challenges 
      with lattice structures are highlighted, including nonuniformity of bone growth 
      through the entirety of the lattice structure due to occlusion effects and 
      avascularity. This review paper identifies a lack of systematic in vivo studies 
      on porous AM implants to target optimum geometric design, including pore shape, 
      size, and percent porosity in controlled animal models and critical-sized 
      defects. Further work focusing on surface modification strategies and systematic 
      geometric studies to homogenize in vivo bone growth through the scaffold interior 
      are recommended to increase implant stability in the early stages of 
      osseointegration.
CI  - (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
FAU - Deering, Joseph
AU  - Deering J
AD  - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, 
      ON, Canada.
FAU - Grandfield, Kathryn
AU  - Grandfield K
AD  - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, 
      ON, Canada.
AD  - School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210226
PL  - England
TA  - Biomater Biosyst
JT  - Biomaterials and biosystems
JID - 9918250307706676
PMC - PMC9934422
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 3D printing
OT  - Additive manufacturing
OT  - Histomorphometry
OT  - In vivo
OT  - Metallic implant design
OT  - Osseointegration
OT  - Porous
OT  - Tissue engineering
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/02/26 00:00
MHDA- 2021/02/26 00:01
PMCR- 2021/02/26
CRDT- 2023/02/24 02:51
PHST- 2020/12/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/02/24 02:51 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/02/26 00:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/02/26 00:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S2666-5344(21)00006-4 [pii]
AID - 100013 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100013 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Biomater Biosyst. 2021 Feb 26;2:100013. doi: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100013. 
      eCollection 2021 Jun.