PMID- 36842071 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20230412 LR - 20230417 IS - 1936-086X (Electronic) IS - 1936-0851 (Print) IS - 1936-0851 (Linking) VI - 17 IP - 7 DP - 2023 Apr 11 TI - Defining the Surface Oxygen Threshold That Switches the Interaction Mode of Graphene Oxide with Bacteria. PG - 6350-6361 LID - 10.1021/acsnano.2c10961 [doi] AB - As antimicrobials, graphene materials (GMs) may have advantages over traditional antibiotics due to their physical mechanisms of action which ensure less chance of development of microbial resistance. However, the fundamental question as to whether the antibacterial mechanism of GMs originates from parallel interaction or perpendicular interaction, or from a combination of these, remains poorly understood. Here, we show both experimentally and theoretically that GMs with high surface oxygen content (SOC) predominantly attach in parallel to the bacterial cell surface when in the suspension phase. The interaction mode shifts to perpendicular interaction when the SOC reaches a threshold of approximately 0.3 (the atomic percent of O in the total atoms). Such distinct interaction modes are highly related to the rigidity of GMs. Graphene oxide (GO) with high SOC is very flexible and thus can wrap bacteria while reduced GO (rGO) with lower SOC has higher rigidity and tends to contact bacteria with their edges. Neither mode necessarily kills bacteria. Rather, bactericidal activity depends on the interaction of GMs with surrounding biomolecules. These findings suggest that variation of SOC of GMs is a key factor driving the interaction mode with bacteria, thus helping to understand the different possible physical mechanisms leading to their antibacterial activity. FAU - Guo, Zhiling AU - Guo Z AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9549-2164 AD - School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. FAU - Zhang, Peng AU - Zhang P AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2774-5534 AD - School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. AD - Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China. FAU - Xie, Changjian AU - Xie C AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1573-7924 AD - School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China. FAU - Voyiatzis, Evangelos AU - Voyiatzis E AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8753-8134 AD - Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus. FAU - Faserl, Klaus AU - Faserl K AD - Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. FAU - Chetwynd, Andrew J AU - Chetwynd AJ AD - School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. FAU - Monikh, Fazel Abdolahpur AU - Monikh FA AD - Department of Environmental & Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland. FAU - Melagraki, Georgia AU - Melagraki G AD - Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus. FAU - Zhang, Zhiyong AU - Zhang Z AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9753-0873 AD - Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. AD - School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. FAU - Peijnenburg, Willie J G M AU - Peijnenburg WJGM AD - Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands. AD - National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. FAU - Afantitis, Antreas AU - Afantitis A AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0977-8180 AD - Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1065, Cyprus. FAU - Chen, Chunying AU - Chen C AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6027-0315 AD - CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China. AD - Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100039, China. AD - GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, China. AD - Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China. FAU - Lynch, Iseult AU - Lynch I AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4250-4584 AD - School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20230226 PL - United States TA - ACS Nano JT - ACS nano JID - 101313589 RN - 0 (graphene oxide) RN - 7782-42-5 (Graphite) RN - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species) RN - S88TT14065 (Oxygen) RN - 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents) SB - IM MH - *Graphite/pharmacology MH - Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism MH - Oxygen MH - Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology MH - Bacteria/metabolism PMC - PMC10100553 OTO - NOTNLM OT - antibacterial activity OT - graphene oxide OT - interaction mode OT - membrane damage OT - oxidative potential OT - surface oxygen content COIS- The authors declare no competing financial interest. EDAT- 2023/02/27 06:00 MHDA- 2023/04/12 06:42 PMCR- 2023/04/13 CRDT- 2023/02/26 10:02 PHST- 2023/04/12 06:42 [medline] PHST- 2023/02/27 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/02/26 10:02 [entrez] PHST- 2023/04/13 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1021/acsnano.2c10961 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - ACS Nano. 2023 Apr 11;17(7):6350-6361. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10961. Epub 2023 Feb 26.