PMID- 36899635 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20230313 IS - 2076-2615 (Print) IS - 2076-2615 (Electronic) IS - 2076-2615 (Linking) VI - 13 IP - 5 DP - 2023 Feb 21 TI - Towards Eradication of PPR: Disease Status, Economic Cost and Perception of Veterinarians in Karnataka, India. LID - 10.3390/ani13050778 [doi] LID - 778 AB - In this study, we assessed the PPR disease status, its economic cost, the financial viability of vaccination, and the perspectives of field veterinarians on the PPR vaccination programme implemented in Karnataka state, India. In addition to secondary data, cross-sectional surveys undertaken during 2016-17 (survey I) and 2018-19 (survey II) from 673 sheep and goat flocks and data collected from 62 veterinarians were analysed. The economic costs and perceptions of veterinarians were analysed using deterministic models and the Likert scale, respectively, and the financial viability of vaccination programmes under the best (15%), base (20%), and worst-case (25%) PPR incidence scenarios, considering two different vaccination plans (plan I and plan II), was assessed. The disease incidence in sheep and goats was found to be 9.8% and 4.8% in survey I and survey II, respectively. In consonance with the increased vaccination coverage, the number of reported PPR outbreaks in the state declined significantly. The estimated farm-level loss of PPR varied between the surveyed years. Even under the best-incidence scenario, under vaccination plan-I and plan-II, the estimated benefit-cost ratio (18.4:1; 19.7:1), the net present value (USD 932 million; USD 936 million) and the internal rate of return (412%) implied that the vaccination programmes were financially viable and the benefits outweighed the cost. Though the majority of veterinarians perceived that the control programme was well planned and rolled out in the state, a few of them disagreed or were neutral towards the plan per se, towards the coordination between functionaries, the availability of funding, and the programme acceptance by farmers. Despite many years of vaccination, PPR still persists in the Karnataka state for various reasons and in order to eradicate the disease, a review of the existing control programme with strong facilitation from the federal government is needed. FAU - Govindaraj, Gurrappa Naidu AU - Govindaraj GN AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3461-2446 AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Balamurugan, Vinayagamurthy AU - Balamurugan V AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Reddy, Gundalahalli Bayyappa Manjunatha AU - Reddy GBM AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8578-7823 AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Yogisharadhya, Revanaiah AU - Yogisharadhya R AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1980-7034 AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Reddy, Timmareddy Sreenivasa AU - Reddy TS AD - Animal Disease Surveillance Scheme, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru 560024, India. FAU - Naveenkumar, Gajalavarahalli Subbanna AU - Naveenkumar GS AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Kumar, Kirubakaran Vinod AU - Kumar KV AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5484-4140 AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Chaithra, Hosahalli Rajanna AU - Chaithra HR AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Bi, Afrin Zainab AU - Bi AZ AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Parida, Satya AU - Parida S AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8253-9461 AD - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. FAU - Njeumi, Felix AU - Njeumi F AD - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. FAU - Roy, Parimal AU - Roy P AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. FAU - Shome, Bibek Ranjan AU - Shome BR AD - ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India. LA - eng GR - A. Extn.26/5/2106-AE-I/13/Indian Council of Agricultural Research/ GR - K-11053(5314)/11/2018-LH/Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD), Government of India/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230221 PL - Switzerland TA - Animals (Basel) JT - Animals : an open access journal from MDPI JID - 101635614 PMC - PMC10000058 OTO - NOTNLM OT - India OT - Karnataka OT - PPR incidence OT - eradication OT - financial viability of vaccination COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study: the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results. EDAT- 2023/03/12 06:00 MHDA- 2023/03/12 06:01 PMCR- 2023/02/21 CRDT- 2023/03/11 01:02 PHST- 2022/12/30 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/02/14 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2023/02/16 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/03/11 01:02 [entrez] PHST- 2023/03/12 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/03/12 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2023/02/21 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - ani13050778 [pii] AID - animals-13-00778 [pii] AID - 10.3390/ani13050778 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Animals (Basel). 2023 Feb 21;13(5):778. doi: 10.3390/ani13050778.