PMID- 36900487
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230313
IS  - 2304-8158 (Print)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Electronic)
IS  - 2304-8158 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 5
DP  - 2023 Feb 24
TI  - A Comprehensive Review of Pesticide Residues in Peppers.
LID - 10.3390/foods12050970 [doi]
LID - 970
AB  - Pesticides are chemicals that are used to control pests such as insects, fungi, 
      and weeds. Pesticide residues can remain on crops after application. Peppers are 
      popular and versatile foods that are valued for their flavor, nutrition, and 
      medicinal properties. The consumption of raw or fresh peppers (bell and chili) 
      can have important health benefits due to their high levels of vitamins, 
      minerals, and antioxidants. Therefore, it is crucial to consider factors such as 
      pesticide use and preparation methods to fully realize these benefits. Ensuring 
      that the levels of pesticide residues in peppers are not harmful to human health 
      requires rigorous and continuous monitoring. Several analytical methods, such as 
      gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), 
      infrared spectroscopy (IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and 
      nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), can detect and quantify pesticide 
      residues in peppers. The choice of analytical method depends on the specific 
      pesticide, that is being tested for and the type of sample being analyzed. The 
      sample preparation method usually involves several processes. This includes 
      extraction, which is used to separate the pesticides from the pepper matrix, and 
      cleanup, which removes any interfering substances that could affect the accuracy 
      of the analysis. Regulatory agencies or food safety organizations typically 
      monitor pesticide residues in peppers by stipulating maximum residue limits 
      (MRLs). Herein, we discuss various sample preparation, cleanup, and analytical 
      techniques, as well as the dissipation patterns and application of monitoring 
      strategies for analyzing pesticides in peppers to help safeguard against 
      potential human health risks. From the authors' perspective, several challenges 
      and limitations exist in the analytical approach to monitoring pesticide residues 
      in peppers. These include the complexity of the matrix, the limited sensitivity 
      of some analytical methods, cost and time, a lack of standard methods, and 
      limited sample size. Furthermore, developing new analytical methods, using 
      machine learning and artificial intelligence, promoting sustainable and organic 
      growing practices, improving sample preparation methods, and increasing 
      standardization could assist efficiently in analyzing pesticide residues in 
      peppers.
FAU - Shim, Jae-Han
AU  - Shim JH
AD  - Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam 
      National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Eun, Jong-Bang
AU  - Eun JB
AD  - Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 
      61186, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Zaky, Ahmed A
AU  - Zaky AA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9877-2679
AD  - Department of Food Technology, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, 
      National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
FAU - Hussein, Ahmed S
AU  - Hussein AS
AD  - Department of Food Technology, Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, 
      National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
FAU - Hacimuftuoglu, Ahmet
AU  - Hacimuftuoglu A
AD  - Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 
      25240, Turkey.
AD  - Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum 
      25240, Turkey.
FAU - Abd El-Aty, A M
AU  - Abd El-Aty AM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6596-7907
AD  - Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 
      25240, Turkey.
AD  - Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 
      Giza 12211, Egypt.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230224
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Foods
JT  - Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101670569
PMC - PMC10000673
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - analytical approach
OT  - dissipation pattern
OT  - maximum residue limit
OT  - monitoring
OT  - pepper
OT  - pesticide residue
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/03/12 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/12 06:01
PMCR- 2023/02/24
CRDT- 2023/03/11 01:07
PHST- 2023/01/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/02/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/02/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/03/11 01:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/03/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/12 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2023/02/24 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - foods12050970 [pii]
AID - foods-12-00970 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/foods12050970 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Foods. 2023 Feb 24;12(5):970. doi: 10.3390/foods12050970.