PMID- 36905061
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230314
LR  - 20230314
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 5
DP  - 2023 Mar 6
TI  - Natural Intelligence as the Brain of Intelligent Systems.
LID - 10.3390/s23052859 [doi]
LID - 2859
AB  - This article discusses the concept and applications of cognitive dynamic systems 
      (CDS), which are a type of intelligent system inspired by the brain. There are 
      two branches of CDS, one for linear and Gaussian environments (LGEs), such as 
      cognitive radio and cognitive radar, and another one for non-Gaussian and 
      nonlinear environments (NGNLEs), such as cyber processing in smart systems. Both 
      branches use the same principle, called the perception action cycle (PAC), to 
      make decisions. The focus of this review is on the applications of CDS, including 
      cognitive radios, cognitive radar, cognitive control, cyber security, 
      self-driving cars, and smart grids for LGEs. For NGNLEs, the article reviews the 
      use of CDS in smart e-healthcare applications and software-defined optical 
      communication systems (SDOCS), such as smart fiber optic links. The results of 
      implementing CDS in these systems are very promising, with improved accuracy, 
      performance, and lower computational costs. For example, CDS implementation in 
      cognitive radars achieved a range estimation error that is as good as 0.47 (m) 
      and a velocity estimation error of 3.30 (m/s), outperforming traditional active 
      radars. Similarly, CDS implementation in smart fiber optic links improved the 
      quality factor by 7 dB and the maximum achievable data rate by 43% compared to 
      those of other mitigation techniques.
FAU - Naghshvarianjahromi, Mahdi
AU  - Naghshvarianjahromi M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1458-7290
AD  - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, 
      ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
FAU - Kumar, Shiva
AU  - Kumar S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9012-2882
AD  - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, 
      ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
FAU - Deen, Mohammed Jamal
AU  - Deen MJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6390-0933
AD  - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, 
      ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230306
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
SB  - IM
MH  - *Radar
MH  - *Brain
MH  - Intelligence
PMC - PMC10007130
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - cognitive control (CC)
OT  - cognitive decision making
OT  - cognitive dynamic system (CDS)
OT  - cognitive radar (CR)
OT  - cognitive radio
OT  - cognitive risk control (CRC)
OT  - cognitive vehicular communications (CVC)
OT  - coordinated cognitive risk control (C-CRC)
OT  - cyber security
OT  - fixed transmit waveform (FTW) radar
OT  - fore-active radar (FAR)
OT  - linear Gaussian environment (LGE)
OT  - mutual interference (MI)
OT  - nonlinear non-Gaussian environment (NGNLE)
OT  - perception action cycle (PAC)
OT  - perception multiple actions cycle (PMAC)
OT  - self-driving car
OT  - smart e-health
OT  - smart grid (SG)
OT  - software-defined optical communication system (SDOCS)
OT  - traditional active radar (TAR)
OT  - vehicular radar systems (VRS)
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/03/12 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/15 06:00
PMCR- 2023/03/06
CRDT- 2023/03/11 01:35
PHST- 2023/01/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/02/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/03/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/03/11 01:35 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/03/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/03/06 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s23052859 [pii]
AID - sensors-23-02859 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s23052859 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2023 Mar 6;23(5):2859. doi: 10.3390/s23052859.