PMID- 36935515
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230321
LR  - 20240117
IS  - 1532-429X (Electronic)
IS  - 1097-6647 (Print)
IS  - 1097-6647 (Linking)
VI  - 25
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Mar 20
TI  - Developing a medical device-grade T(2) phantom optimized for myocardial T(2) 
      mapping by cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
PG  - 19
LID - 10.1186/s12968-023-00926-z [doi]
LID - 19
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A long T(2) relaxation time can reflect oedema, and myocardial 
      inflammation when combined with increased plasma troponin levels. Cardiovascular 
      magnetic resonance (CMR) T(2) mapping therefore has potential to provide a key 
      diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. However, T(2) varies by scanner, software, 
      and sequence, highlighting the need for standardization and for a quality 
      assurance system for T(2) mapping in CMR. AIM: To fabricate and assess a phantom 
      dedicated to the quality assurance of T(2) mapping in CMR. METHOD: A T(2) mapping 
      phantom was manufactured to contain 9 T(1) and T(2) (T(1)|T(2)) tubes to mimic 
      clinically relevant native and post-contrast T(2) in myocardium across the health 
      to inflammation spectrum (i.e., 43-74 ms) and across both field strengths (1.5 
      and 3 T). We evaluated the phantom's structural integrity, B(0) and B(1) 
      uniformity using field maps, and temperature dependence. Baseline reference 
      T(1)|T(2) were measured using inversion recovery gradient echo and single-echo 
      spin echo (SE) sequences respectively, both with long repetition times (10 s). 
      Long-term reproducibility of T(1)|T(2) was determined by repeated T(1)|T(2) 
      mapping of the phantom at baseline and at 12 months. RESULTS: The phantom 
      embodies 9 internal agarose-containing T(1)|T(2) tubes doped with nickel 
      di-chloride (NiCl(2)) as the paramagnetic relaxation modifier to cover the 
      clinically relevant spectrum of myocardial T(2). The tubes are surrounded by an 
      agarose-gel matrix which is doped with NiCl(2) and packed with high-density 
      polyethylene (HDPE) beads. All tubes at both field strengths, showed measurement 
      errors up to </= 7.2 ms [< 14.7%] for estimated T(2) by balanced steady-state free 
      precession T(2) mapping compared to reference SE T(2) with the exception of the 
      post-contrast tube of ultra-low T(1) where the deviance was up to 16 ms [40.0%]. 
      At 12 months, the phantom remained free of air bubbles, susceptibility, and 
      off-resonance artifacts. The inclusion of HDPE beads effectively flattened the 
      B(0) and B(1) magnetic fields in the imaged slice. Independent temperature 
      dependency experiments over the 13-38  degrees C range confirmed the greater stability of 
      shorter vs longer T(1)|T(2) tubes. Excellent long-term (12-month) reproducibility 
      of measured T(1)|T(2) was demonstrated across both field strengths (all 
      coefficients of variation < 1.38%). CONCLUSION: The T(2) mapping phantom 
      demonstrates excellent structural integrity, B(0) and B(1) uniformity, and 
      reproducibility of its internal tube T(1)|T(2) out to 1 year. This device may now 
      be mass-produced to support the quality assurance of T(2) mapping in CMR.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s).
FAU - Topriceanu, Constantin-Cristian
AU  - Topriceanu CC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5826-9617
AD  - Barts Heart Center, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, 
      UK.
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, 
      London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
AD  - Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 
      Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
FAU - Fornasiero, Massimiliano
AU  - Fornasiero M
AD  - UCL Medical School, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK.
FAU - Seo, Han
AU  - Seo H
AD  - Department of Cardiology, Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Royal 
      Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
FAU - Webber, Matthew
AU  - Webber M
AD  - Barts Heart Center, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, 
      UK.
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, 
      London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
AD  - Department of Cardiology, Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Royal 
      Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
AD  - Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 
      Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
FAU - Keenan, Kathryn E
AU  - Keenan KE
AD  - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 
      80305, USA.
FAU - Stupic, Karl F
AU  - Stupic KF
AD  - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 
      80305, USA.
FAU - Bruehl, Rudiger
AU  - Bruehl R
AD  - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587, Berlin, 
      Germany.
FAU - Ittermann, Bernd
AU  - Ittermann B
AD  - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587, Berlin, 
      Germany.
FAU - Price, Kirsty
AU  - Price K
AD  - UCL Bloomsbury Center for Clinical Phenotyping, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
FAU - McGrath, Louise
AU  - McGrath L
AD  - UCL Bloomsbury Center for Clinical Phenotyping, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
FAU - Pang, Wenjie
AU  - Pang W
AD  - Resonance Health (RH), 141 Burswood Road, Burswood, WA, 6100, Australia.
FAU - Hughes, Alun D
AU  - Hughes AD
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, 
      London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
AD  - Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 
      Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
FAU - Nezafat, Reza
AU  - Nezafat R
AD  - Department of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical 
      Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
FAU - Kellman, Peter
AU  - Kellman P
AD  - National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 
      Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
FAU - Pierce, Iain
AU  - Pierce I
AD  - Barts Heart Center, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, 
      UK.
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, 
      London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
FAU - Moon, James C
AU  - Moon JC
AD  - Barts Heart Center, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, ECIA 7BE, 
      UK.
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, 
      London, WC1E 6DD, UK.
FAU - Captur, Gabriella
AU  - Captur G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5662-0642
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Huntley Street, 
      London, WC1E 6DD, UK. gabriella.captur@ucl.ac.uk.
AD  - Department of Cardiology, Center for Inherited Heart Muscle Conditions, Royal 
      Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK. 
      gabriella.captur@ucl.ac.uk.
AD  - Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 1-19 
      Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK. gabriella.captur@ucl.ac.uk.
AD  - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Consultant Cardiologist in Inherited Heart 
      Muscle Conditions, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. 
      gabriella.captur@ucl.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
GR  - IG/18/5/33958/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom
GR  - MGU0427 / G-001411/Barts Charity/
GR  - SP/20/2/34841/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom
GR  - MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20230320
PL  - England
TA  - J Cardiovasc Magn Reson
JT  - Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society 
      for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
JID - 9815616
RN  - 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene)
RN  - 9012-36-6 (Sepharose)
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - *Polyethylene
MH  - Sepharose
MH  - Predictive Value of Tests
MH  - *Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
MH  - Myocardium/pathology
MH  - Phantoms, Imaging
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
MH  - Inflammation/pathology
PMC - PMC10026458
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Phantom
OT  - Quality control
OT  - T1 mapping
OT  - T2 mapping
COIS- The views expressed in this article are those of the authors who declare that 
      they have no conflict of interest (financial or non-financial). W.P. is an 
      employee of Resonance Health which is a medium commercial corporation.
EDAT- 2023/03/21 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/22 06:00
PMCR- 2023/03/20
CRDT- 2023/03/20 00:24
PHST- 2022/08/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/01/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/03/20 00:24 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/03/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2023/03/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S1097-6647(23)00019-4 [pii]
AID - 926 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12968-023-00926-z [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2023 Mar 20;25(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s12968-023-00926-z.