PMID- 36935892
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230321
IS  - 1662-5153 (Print)
IS  - 1662-5153 (Electronic)
IS  - 1662-5153 (Linking)
VI  - 17
DP  - 2023
TI  - Restricted and repetitive behaviors and their developmental and demographic 
      correlates in 4-8-year-old children: A transdiagnostic approach.
PG  - 1085404
LID - 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1085404 [doi]
LID - 1085404
AB  - Background: Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a broad class of 
      behaviors characterized by frequent action repetition and intense preference for 
      sameness. Research has predominantly focused on RRBs in diagnosed clinical 
      groups, particularly in autism spectrum disorder and genetic disorders. Using a 
      transdiagnostic approach, the current study examined RRBs in a diverse sample of 
      children in relation to developmental and demographic correlates (age, language, 
      non-verbal ability, child anxiety, sex, and socioeconomic status). Separate 
      analyses examined two RRB subtypes; repetitive sensory and motor behaviors (RSMB) 
      and insistence on sameness (IS). Method: Children (N = 260, age 4-8 years, 174 
      male, 86 female) in mainstream schools identified by teachers as having 
      behavioral, emotional, and/or cognitive difficulties, were assessed using the 
      Repetitive Behavior Questionnaire-2 (RBQ-2), the British Picture Vocabulary Scale 
      (BPVS), Lucid Ability Scale, the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) and 
      the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Recruitment 
      excluded diagnosed clinical conditions. The Strengths and Difficulties 
      Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children's difficulties. Results: RRB 
      scores were of high frequency and the scores for the IS were higher than for 
      RSMB. The severity of anxiety symptoms and male sex were significantly associated 
      with both RRB subtypes, and younger age and SES scores were associated with IS. 
      Elevated RRB total and subtype scores were significantly related to SDQ scores 
      for emotion, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer-relations. Discussion: The study 
      provides the first evidence of RRBs in a diverse sample of young children with 
      emerging difficulties in behavior, cognition, and/or emotion. The results 
      contribute to proposals about psychological development in RRB and indicate that 
      RRBs are best represented on a continuum of severity found across children in the 
      early school years. The results support previous findings of a relation between 
      RRB and anxiety reported in clinical samples and importantly, they indicate that 
      it is time to move beyond the study of categorically defined groups and consider 
      correlates of RRBs that include broad indices of mental health and well-being.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023 Keating, Van Goozen, Uljarevic, Hay and Leekam.
FAU - Keating, Jennifer
AU  - Keating J
AD  - Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, 
      Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
FAU - Van Goozen, Stephanie
AU  - Van Goozen S
AD  - Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, 
      Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
FAU - Uljarevic, Mirko
AU  - Uljarevic M
AD  - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 
      CA, United States.
FAU - Hay, Dale
AU  - Hay D
AD  - Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, 
      Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
FAU - Leekam, Susan R
AU  - Leekam SR
AD  - Cardiff University Centre for Human Developmental Science, School of Psychology, 
      Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230301
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Behav Neurosci
JT  - Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience
JID - 101477952
PMC - PMC10014551
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - anxiety
OT  - demographic correlates
OT  - developmental correlates
OT  - insistence on sameness
OT  - repetitive sensory and motor behaviors
OT  - restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB)
OT  - transdiagnostic
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/03/21 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/21 06:01
PMCR- 2023/01/01
CRDT- 2023/03/20 03:37
PHST- 2022/10/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/02/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/03/20 03:37 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/03/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/21 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2023/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1085404 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Behav Neurosci. 2023 Mar 1;17:1085404. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1085404. 
      eCollection 2023.