PMID- 36979066
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230919
IS  - 2079-7737 (Print)
IS  - 2079-7737 (Electronic)
IS  - 2079-7737 (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Feb 26
TI  - On the Advent of Super-Resolution Microscopy in the Realm of Polycomb Proteins.
LID - 10.3390/biology12030374 [doi]
LID - 374
AB  - The genomes of metazoans are organized at multiple spatial scales, ranging from 
      the double helix of DNA to whole chromosomes. The intermediate genomic scale of 
      kilobases to megabases, which corresponds to the 50-300 nm spatial scale, is 
      particularly interesting, as the 3D arrangement of chromatin is implicated in 
      multiple regulatory mechanisms. In this context, polycomb group (PcG) proteins 
      stand as major epigenetic modulators of chromatin function, acting prevalently as 
      repressors of gene transcription by combining chemical modifications of target 
      histones with physical crosslinking of distal genomic regions and phase 
      separation. The recent development of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has 
      strongly contributed to improving our comprehension of several aspects of 
      nano-/mesoscale (10-200 nm) chromatin domains. Here, we review the current 
      state-of-the-art SRM applied to PcG proteins, showing that the application of SRM 
      to PcG activity and organization is still quite limited and mainly focused on the 
      3D assembly of PcG-controlled genomic loci. In this context, SRM approaches have 
      mostly been applied to multilabel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). 
      However, SRM data have complemented the maps obtained from chromosome capture 
      experiments and have opened a new window to observe how 3D chromatin topology is 
      modulated by PcGs.
FAU - Nepita, Irene
AU  - Nepita I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4343-0006
AD  - Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
FAU - Piazza, Simonluca
AU  - Piazza S
AD  - Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. 
      Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
AD  - R&D Department, Genoa Instruments s.r.l., Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
FAU - Ruglioni, Martina
AU  - Ruglioni M
AD  - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care 
      Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Cristiani, Sofia
AU  - Cristiani S
AD  - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care 
      Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Bosurgi, Emanuele
AU  - Bosurgi E
AD  - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care 
      Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Salvadori, Tiziano
AU  - Salvadori T
AD  - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care 
      Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Vicidomini, Giuseppe
AU  - Vicidomini G
AD  - Molecular Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. 
      Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
FAU - Diaspro, Alberto
AU  - Diaspro A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4916-5928
AD  - Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
AD  - DIFILAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 
      33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
FAU - Castello, Marco
AU  - Castello M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4472-6968
AD  - Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
AD  - R&D Department, Genoa Instruments s.r.l., Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
FAU - Cerase, Andrea
AU  - Cerase A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1985-2049
AD  - Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of 
      Pisa, Strada Statale dell'Abetone Brennero 4, 56123 Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Bianchini, Paolo
AU  - Bianchini P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6457-751X
AD  - Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
AD  - DIFILAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 
      33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
FAU - Storti, Barbara
AU  - Storti B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2758-0426
AD  - NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 
      12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Bizzarri, Ranieri
AU  - Bizzarri R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8222-2672
AD  - Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via E. Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy.
AD  - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care 
      Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
AD  - NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Piazza San Silvestro 
      12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
LA  - eng
GR  - PRA_2020_77/University of Pisa/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230226
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Biology (Basel)
JT  - Biology
JID - 101587988
PMC - PMC10044799
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 3D-SIM
OT  - FISH
OT  - PRC1
OT  - PRC2
OT  - STORM
OT  - Xist RNA
OT  - chromatin organization
OT  - oligopaint
OT  - polycomb proteins
OT  - super-resolution microscopy
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in 
      the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2023/03/30 06:00
MHDA- 2023/03/30 06:01
PMCR- 2023/02/26
CRDT- 2023/03/29 01:17
PHST- 2022/12/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/02/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/02/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/03/30 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2023/03/29 01:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/03/30 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/02/26 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - biology12030374 [pii]
AID - biology-12-00374 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/biology12030374 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Biology (Basel). 2023 Feb 26;12(3):374. doi: 10.3390/biology12030374.