PMID- 37016118
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230406
LR  - 20230406
IS  - 1530-9932 (Electronic)
IS  - 1530-9932 (Linking)
VI  - 24
IP  - 4
DP  - 2023 Apr 4
TI  - Development of Photoprotective Formulations: Influence of Formulation Composition 
      on the SPF and Mechanical Properties.
PG  - 97
LID - 10.1208/s12249-023-02558-z [doi]
AB  - The evaluation of the vehicle formulation is important during the development of 
      sunscreens, as it influences their efficacy. In this context, the aim of the 
      present study was to develop photoprotective formulations and evaluate the 
      influence of the formulation components in the sun protection factor (SPF) and 
      physical-mechanical and sensory properties of the formulations. We evaluated four 
      sunscreens through a 2(2) full factorial design in terms of concentration and 
      emulsifier type. The design of experiments (DOE) parameters were SPF, thixotropy, 
      and work of shear. After the screening of the formulations by DOE, the SPF 
      values, mechanical and sensory properties, and stability were evaluated. All 
      study formulations showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, compatible with 
      sunscreens, and presented SPF values above 30. The factors evaluated in DOE had 
      significant interactions for all the analyzed parameters. The concentration of 
      the phosphate-based emulsifier influenced the SPF parameter. The work of shear 
      was influenced by the concentration of polyglyceryl-based emulsifier. The 
      concentration and the type of emulsifier influenced the thixotropy. Finally, 
      effective sunscreens were developed, and the type and concentration of 
      emulsifiers had an influence on the SPF of the formulations. In addition, the 
      formulations chosen by DOE were stable and showed good sensory properties.
CI  - (c) 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Association of 
      Pharmaceutical Scientists.
FAU - D'Angelo Costa, Gabriela Maria
AU  - D'Angelo Costa GM
AD  - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 
      Avenida Do Cafe S/N, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
FAU - Maia Campos, Patricia Maria Berardo Goncalves
AU  - Maia Campos PMBG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6678-1207
AD  - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 
      Avenida Do Cafe S/N, Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil. 
      pmcampos@usp.br.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230404
PL  - United States
TA  - AAPS PharmSciTech
JT  - AAPS PharmSciTech
JID - 100960111
RN  - 0 (Sunscreening Agents)
RN  - 0 (Emulsifying Agents)
RN  - 0 (Excipients)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Sun Protection Factor
MH  - *Sunscreening Agents
MH  - Emulsifying Agents
MH  - Excipients
MH  - Ultraviolet Rays
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - emulsions
OT  - full factorial design
OT  - rheology
OT  - sunscreens
OT  - texture profile
EDAT- 2023/04/05 06:00
MHDA- 2023/04/06 06:41
CRDT- 2023/04/04 23:27
PHST- 2022/12/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/03/20 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/04/06 06:41 [medline]
PHST- 2023/04/04 23:27 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/05 06:00 [pubmed]
AID - 10.1208/s12249-023-02558-z [pii]
AID - 10.1208/s12249-023-02558-z [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - AAPS PharmSciTech. 2023 Apr 4;24(4):97. doi: 10.1208/s12249-023-02558-z.