PMID- 37046677
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230415
IS  - 2072-6694 (Print)
IS  - 2072-6694 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6694 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 7
DP  - 2023 Mar 28
TI  - The Uncharted Landscape of Rare Endocrine Immune-Related Adverse Events.
LID - 10.3390/cancers15072016 [doi]
LID - 2016
AB  - Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved for the treatment of many 
      cancers, either in adjuvant or metastatic settings. Regarding safety, endocrine 
      adverse events (AEs) are some of the most common AEs in ICI-treated patients, 
      with thyroid dysfunction and hypophysitis being the most frequent disorders. 
      However, there are also some rare and very rare immune-related (ir) endocrine 
      complications (incidence between >/=1/10,000 to <1/1000 and <1/10,000, 
      respectively, according to the established classification) that have been 
      reported in isolated case reports, with limited data about their management. In 
      this systematic review, we summarize all published cases with primary adrenal 
      insufficiency, central diabetes insipidus, primary hypoparathyroidism, 
      lipodystrophy, osteoporosis, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, or Cushing disease 
      and discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic approaches as well as the current 
      knowledge on their pathophysiology. In these ICI-treated cancer patients, the 
      presentation of symptoms unrelated to their underlying malignancy has led to 
      further diagnostic tests, including hormonal profile and functional assays which 
      subsequently confirmed endocrinopathy, while the assessment of autoantibodies was 
      rarely available. In most of these cases, the exact pathogenesis remained 
      unknown, and the endocrine dysfunction was permanent, requiring lifelong 
      supplementation. Although endrocine irAEs are rare, physicians must be aware of 
      these irAEs to recognize them on time and treat them appropriately.
FAU - Mytareli, Chrysoula
AU  - Mytareli C
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Ziogas, Dimitrios C
AU  - Ziogas DC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2620-4004
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Medical Oncology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Karampela, Athina
AU  - Karampela A
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Papalexis, Petros
AU  - Papalexis P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3565-4066
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Siampanopoulou, Vasiliki
AU  - Siampanopoulou V
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Lafioniatis, Alexandros
AU  - Lafioniatis A
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Benopoulou, Olga
AU  - Benopoulou O
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and 
      Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Gogas, Helen
AU  - Gogas H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0451-2885
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Medical Oncology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
FAU - Angelousi, Anna
AU  - Angelousi A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0906-3617
AD  - First Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, Laikon General 
      Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230328
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Cancers (Basel)
JT  - Cancers
JID - 101526829
PMC - PMC10093286
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - anti-CTLA-4
OT  - anti-PD-1
OT  - anti-PD-L1
OT  - autoimmunity
OT  - endocrinopathies
OT  - immune checkpoint inhibitors
OT  - rare adverse events
COIS- H.G. has received grants and personal fees by Roche, BMS, MSD, and Novartis and 
      personal fees by Amgen and Pierre Fabre, outside the submitted work. All other 
      authors declare no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2023/04/14 06:00
MHDA- 2023/04/14 06:01
PMCR- 2023/03/28
CRDT- 2023/04/13 01:07
PHST- 2023/02/09 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/03/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/03/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/04/14 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2023/04/13 01:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - cancers15072016 [pii]
AID - cancers-15-02016 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/cancers15072016 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cancers (Basel). 2023 Mar 28;15(7):2016. doi: 10.3390/cancers15072016.