PMID- 37056543
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230415
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 3
DP  - 2023 Mar
TI  - Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Asthma: Pathomechanisms of Their Association and 
      Clinical Implications.
PG  - e36047
LID - 10.7759/cureus.36047 [doi]
LID - e36047
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and asthma are chronic illnesses concomitantly 
      present in a significant percentage of the population. Their comorbidity is 
      associated with poor disease control and lower quality of life, thus imposing a 
      substantial medical and economic burden worldwide. This review investigates the 
      association between asthma and T2DM, in terms of pathogenesis, clinical outcomes, 
      and therapeutic opportunities. Our review found an increased risk of asthma among 
      diabetics, and vice versa. Having diabetes and poor glycemic control is 
      associated with an increased rate of asthma exacerbations and increased mortality 
      among those hospitalized for asthma exacerbations. The mechanisms postulated for 
      the diabetes-asthma association include chronic low-grade inflammation, obesity, 
      hyperinsulinemia, and possibly diabetic pneumopathy. Usage of metformin, which is 
      the first-line drug for type 2 diabetes, was found to be associated with a 
      decreased asthma occurrence, asthma exacerbations, and asthma-related 
      hospitalizations. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists were also found to be 
      associated with a lower occurrence of asthma exacerbations. Thiazolidinediones 
      are also associated with lower rates of asthma exacerbations, but their clinical 
      efficacy for the same was suggested to be limited. This literature review 
      supports a partly causative association between asthma and diabetes. This 
      comorbidity leads to poor patient compliance, worse disease outcomes, and poor 
      quality of life. Thus, further studies are warranted to explore the prognostic 
      implications, therapeutic opportunities, and specific clinical practice 
      algorithms for patients with concurrent asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2023, Uppal et al.
FAU - Uppal, Pulkita
AU  - Uppal P
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Mohammed, Shaza A
AU  - Mohammed SA
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Rajashekar, Shriya
AU  - Rajashekar S
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Giri Ravindran, Suganya
AU  - Giri Ravindran S
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Kakarla, Meghana
AU  - Kakarla M
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Ausaja Gambo, Musa
AU  - Ausaja Gambo M
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Yousri Salama, Mustafa
AU  - Yousri Salama M
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Haidar Ismail, Nathalie
AU  - Haidar Ismail N
AD  - Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Tavalla, Pardis
AU  - Tavalla P
AD  - Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
FAU - Hamid, Pousette
AU  - Hamid P
AD  - Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, 
      Fairfield, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20230312
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC10089620
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - asthma
OT  - asthma exacerbation
OT  - diabetes
OT  - diabetes mellitus type 2
OT  - glycemic control
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2023/04/15 06:00
MHDA- 2023/04/15 06:01
PMCR- 2023/03/12
CRDT- 2023/04/14 02:29
PHST- 2022/03/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/03/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/04/15 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2023/04/14 02:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/03/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.36047 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2023 Mar 12;15(3):e36047. doi: 10.7759/cureus.36047. eCollection 2023 
      Mar.