PMID- 37102946
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230430
IS  - 2310-2861 (Electronic)
IS  - 2310-2861 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 4
DP  - 2023 Apr 14
TI  - Optimization of the Dose Rate Effect in Tetrazolium Gellan Gel Dosimeters.
LID - 10.3390/gels9040334 [doi]
LID - 334
AB  - Tetrazolium salts provide an appealing candidate for 3D gel dosimeters as they 
      exhibit a low intrinsic color, no signal diffusion and excellent chemical 
      stability. However, a previously developed commercial product (the ClearView 3D 
      Dosimeter) based on a tetrazolium salt dispersed within a gellan gum matrix 
      presented a noticeable dose rate effect. The goal of this study was to find out 
      whether ClearView could be reformulated in order to minimize the dose rate effect 
      by optimizing of the tetrazolium salt and gellan gum concentrations and by the 
      addition a thickening agent, ionic crosslinkers, and radical scavengers. To that 
      goal, a multifactorial design of experiments (DOE) was conducted in small-volume 
      samples (4-mL cuvettes). It showed that the dose rate could be effectively 
      minimized without sacrificing the integrity, chemical stability, or dose 
      sensitivity of the dosimeter. The results from the DOE were used to prepare 
      candidate formulations for larger-scale testing in 1-L samples to allow for 
      fine-tuning the dosimeter formulation and conducting more detailed studies. 
      Finally, an optimized formulation was scaled-up to a clinically relevant volume 
      of 2.7 L and tested against a simulated arc treatment delivery with three 
      spherical targets (diameter 3.0 cm), requiring different doses and dose rates. 
      The results showed excellent geometric and dosimetric registration, with a gamma 
      passing rate (at 10% minimum dose threshold) of 99.3% for dose difference and 
      distance to agreement criteria of 3%/2 mm, compared to 95.7% in the previous 
      formulation. This difference may be of clinical importance, as the new 
      formulation may allow the quality assurance of complex treatment plans, relying 
      on a variety of doses and dose rates; thus, expanding the potential practical 
      application of the dosimeter.
FAU - Penev, Kalin I
AU  - Penev KI
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1182-4414
AD  - Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western 
      Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
AD  - Modus Medical Devices Inc., London, ON N6H 5L6, Canada.
FAU - Mulligan, Matt
AU  - Mulligan M
AD  - London Regional Cancer Program, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
FAU - Mequanint, Kibret
AU  - Mequanint K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7888-418X
AD  - Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western 
      Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
AD  - Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, 
      London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
LA  - eng
GR  - CPG 146473/Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230414
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Gels
JT  - Gels (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101696925
PMC - PMC10137491
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ClearView 3D dosimeter
OT  - dose rate effect
OT  - formulation optimization
OT  - gel dosimeters
OT  - tetrazolium salt dosimeters
COIS- K.I.P. and K.M. have a licensing agreement for the manufacturing and sale of gel 
      dosimeters with Modus QA. K.I.P. is a part-time employee of Modus QA. The 
      management of Modus QA had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, 
      analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the 
      decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2023/04/27 12:41
MHDA- 2023/04/27 12:42
PMCR- 2023/04/14
CRDT- 2023/04/27 10:07
PHST- 2023/03/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/04/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/04/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/04/27 12:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/04/27 12:41 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/04/27 10:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/14 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - gels9040334 [pii]
AID - gels-09-00334 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/gels9040334 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Gels. 2023 Apr 14;9(4):334. doi: 10.3390/gels9040334.