PMID- 37111974
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20230430
IS  - 2073-4360 (Electronic)
IS  - 2073-4360 (Linking)
VI  - 15
IP  - 8
DP  - 2023 Apr 9
TI  - Mechanical, Thermal, and Fire Retardant Properties of Rice Husk Biochar 
      Reinforced Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Composite Material.
LID - 10.3390/polym15081827 [doi]
LID - 1827
AB  - This study concentrated on the influence of rice husk biochar on the structural, 
      thermal, flammable, and mechanical properties of recycled high-density 
      polyethylene (HDPE). The percentage of rice husk biochar with recycled HDPE was 
      varied between 10% and 40%, and the optimum percentages were found for the 
      various properties. Mechanical characteristics were evaluated in terms of the 
      tensile, flexural, and impact properties. Similarly, the flame retardancy of the 
      composites was observed by means of horizontal and vertical burning tests (UL-94 
      tests), limited oxygen index, and cone calorimetry. The thermal properties were 
      characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For detailed 
      characterization, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning 
      electron microscopy (SEM) tests were performed, to elaborate on the variation in 
      properties. The composite with 30% rice husk biochar demonstrated the maximum 
      increase in tensile and flexural strength, i.e., 24% and 19%, respectively, 
      compared to the recycled HDPE, whereas the 40% composite showed a 22.5% decrease 
      in impact strength. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the 40% rice husk 
      biochar reinforced composite exhibited the best thermal stability, due to having 
      the highest amount of biochar. In addition, the 40% composite also displayed the 
      lowest burning rate in the horizontal burning test and the lowest V-1 rating in 
      the vertical burning test. The 40% composite material also showed the highest 
      limited oxygen index (LOI), whereas it had the lowest peak heat release rate 
      (PHRR) value (52.40% reduced) and total heat release rate (THR) value (52.88% 
      reduced) for cone calorimetry, when compared with the recycled HDPE. These tests 
      proved that rice husk biochar is a significant additive for enhancing the 
      mechanical, thermal, and fire-retardant properties of recycled HDPE.
FAU - Shah, Atta Ur Rehman
AU  - Shah AUR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2456-9408
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, 
      Wah Cantt 47040, Pakistan.
FAU - Imdad, Anas
AU  - Imdad A
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, HITEC University, Taxila 47050, Pakistan.
FAU - Sadiq, Atiya
AU  - Sadiq A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4713-1716
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, HITEC University, Taxila 47050, Pakistan.
FAU - Malik, Rizwan Ahmed
AU  - Malik RA
AD  - Department of Metallurgy & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and 
      Aeronautical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, 
      Pakistan.
FAU - Alrobei, Hussein
AU  - Alrobei H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5294-9678
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin 
      Abdullaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Badruddin, Irfan Anjum
AU  - Badruddin IA
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid 
      University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230409
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Polymers (Basel)
JT  - Polymers
JID - 101545357
PMC - PMC10142718
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - mechanical properties
OT  - polymer composites
OT  - recycled high density polyethylene
OT  - rice husk biochar
OT  - thermal properties
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/04/28 06:41
MHDA- 2023/04/28 06:42
PMCR- 2023/04/09
CRDT- 2023/04/28 01:49
PHST- 2023/02/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/03/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/03/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/04/28 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/04/28 06:41 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/04/28 01:49 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/04/09 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - polym15081827 [pii]
AID - polymers-15-01827 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/polym15081827 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Polymers (Basel). 2023 Apr 9;15(8):1827. doi: 10.3390/polym15081827.