PMID- 37172826
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230707
LR  - 20240312
IS  - 1938-3207 (Electronic)
IS  - 0002-9165 (Print)
IS  - 0002-9165 (Linking)
VI  - 118
IP  - 1
DP  - 2023 Jul
TI  - Folate and vitamin B12 usual intake and biomarker status by intake source in 
      United States adults aged >/=19 y: NHANES 2007-2018.
PG  - 241-254
LID - S0002-9165(23)51409-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.016 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Folate and vitamin B12 are important biomarkers of nutritional status 
      of populations. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to estimate folate and vitamin B12 
      usual intakes among United States adults and examine folate and vitamin B12 
      biomarker status by intake source. METHODS: We analyzed data for United States 
      adults aged >/=19 y from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018 
      (n = 31,128), during which time voluntary corn masa flour (CMF) fortification was 
      started. Usual intake was estimated using the National Cancer Institute method. 
      Folate intake included folate from natural foods and folic acid from 4 sources: 
      enriched cereal grain products (ECGPs), CMF, ready-to-eat cereals (RTEs), and 
      folic acid-containing supplements (SUP). Vitamin B12 intake was mainly from food 
      and supplements. RESULTS: The median natural food folate intake (222 mug dietary 
      folate equivalents (DFE)/d) was below the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 
      320 mug DFE/d. The proportions of those who consumed folic acid from ECGP/CMF 
      only, ECGP/CMF + RTE, ECGP/CMF + SUP, and ECGP/CMF + RTE + SUP were 50%, 18%, 
      22%, and 10%, respectively. Median usual folic acid intakes (mug/d) were 236 (IQR: 
      152, 439) overall and 134, 313, 496, and 695 in the ECGP/CMF only, ECGP/CMF + 
      RTE, ECGP/CMF + SUP, and ECGP/CMF + RTE + SUP folic acid consumption groups, 
      respectively. Overall, 2.0% (95% CI: 1.7%, 2.3%) of adults, all of whom used 
      folic acid supplements, consumed greater than the tolerable upper intake level 
      (UL) of 1000 mug/d folic acid. The median usual vitamin B12 intake (mug/d) was 5.2 
      for vitamin B12 supplement nonusers and 21.8 for users. Consumption of RTE and/or 
      supplements with folic acid was associated with higher serum and red blood cell 
      folate concentrations. Vitamin B12 supplement users had significantly higher 
      serum vitamin B12 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Folic acid fortification plays a 
      critical role in helping United States adults meet the folate EAR. At current 
      fortification levels, United States adults who do not consume supplements do not 
      have the usual folic acid intake exceeding the UL.
CI  - Published by Elsevier Inc.
FAU - Zhou, Ying
AU  - Zhou Y
AD  - National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for 
      Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: 
      yzhou2@cdc.gov.
FAU - Wang, Arick
AU  - Wang A
AD  - National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for 
      Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
FAU - Yeung, Lorraine F
AU  - Yeung LF
AD  - National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for 
      Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
FAU - Qi, Yan Ping
AU  - Qi YP
AD  - National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for 
      Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
FAU - Pfeiffer, Christine M
AU  - Pfeiffer CM
AD  - National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and 
      Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
FAU - Crider, Krista S
AU  - Crider KS
AD  - National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for 
      Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230511
PL  - United States
TA  - Am J Clin Nutr
JT  - The American journal of clinical nutrition
JID - 0376027
RN  - 935E97BOY8 (Folic Acid)
RN  - P6YC3EG204 (Vitamin B 12)
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Humans
MH  - United States
MH  - *Folic Acid
MH  - *Nutritional Status
MH  - Nutrition Surveys
MH  - Dietary Supplements
MH  - Vitamin B 12
MH  - Edible Grain
MH  - Biomarkers
MH  - Food, Fortified
PMC - PMC10926004
MID - NIHMS1967571
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - NHANES
OT  - dietary supplements
OT  - folate
OT  - folic acid
OT  - vitamin B12
COIS- The authors report no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2023/05/13 15:13
MHDA- 2023/07/07 06:42
PMCR- 2024/07/01
CRDT- 2023/05/12 19:27
PHST- 2022/12/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/04/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/05/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2024/07/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
PHST- 2023/07/07 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/05/13 15:13 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/05/12 19:27 [entrez]
AID - S0002-9165(23)51409-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.016 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Jul;118(1):241-254. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.016. Epub 
      2023 May 11.