PMID- 37177691
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20230515
LR  - 20230515
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 9
DP  - 2023 May 5
TI  - Respiratory Rate Extraction from Neonatal Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signals.
LID - 10.3390/s23094487 [doi]
LID - 4487
AB  - Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) relative concentration signals 
      contain 'noise' from physiological processes such as respiration and heart rate. 
      Simultaneous assessment of NIRS and respiratory rate (RR) using a single sensor 
      would facilitate a perfectly time-synced assessment of (cerebral) physiology. Our 
      aim was to extract respiratory rate from cerebral NIRS intensity signals in 
      neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: A novel 
      algorithm, NRR (NIRS RR), is developed for extracting RR from NIRS signals 
      recorded from critically ill neonates. In total, 19 measurements were recorded 
      from ten neonates admitted to the NICU with a gestational age and birth weight of 
      38 +/- 5 weeks and 3092 +/- 990 g, respectively. We synchronously recorded NIRS and 
      reference RR signals sampled at 100 Hz and 0.5 Hz, respectively. The performance 
      of the NRR algorithm is assessed in terms of the agreement and linear correlation 
      between the reference and extracted RRs, and it is compared statistically with 
      that of two existing methods. Results: The NRR algorithm showed a mean error of 
      1.1 breaths per minute (BPM), a root mean square error of 3.8 BPM, and 
      Bland-Altman limits of agreement of 6.7 BPM averaged over all measurements. In 
      addition, a linear correlation of 84.5% (p < 0.01) was achieved between the 
      reference and extracted RRs. The statistical analyses confirmed the significant 
      (p < 0.05) outperformance of the NRR algorithm with respect to the existing 
      methods. Conclusions: We showed the possibility of extracting RR from neonatal 
      NIRS in an intensive care environment, which showed high correspondence with the 
      reference RR recorded. Adding the NRR algorithm to a NIRS system provides the 
      opportunity to record synchronously different physiological sources of 
      information about cerebral perfusion and respiration by a single monitoring 
      system. This allows for a concurrent integrated analysis of the impact of 
      breathing (including apnea) on cerebral hemodynamics.
FAU - Hakimi, Naser
AU  - Hakimi N
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2751-1586
AD  - Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW Elst, The Netherlands.
AD  - Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical 
      Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Shahbakhti, Mohammad
AU  - Shahbakhti M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6625-7923
AD  - Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW Elst, The Netherlands.
FAU - Horschig, Jorn M
AU  - Horschig JM
AD  - Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW Elst, The Netherlands.
FAU - Alderliesten, Thomas
AU  - Alderliesten T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3306-1830
AD  - Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical 
      Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Van Bel, Frank
AU  - Van Bel F
AD  - Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical 
      Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
FAU - Colier, Willy N J M
AU  - Colier WNJM
AD  - Artinis Medical Systems, B.V., Einsteinweg 17, 6662 PW Elst, The Netherlands.
FAU - Dudink, Jeroen
AU  - Dudink J
AD  - Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical 
      Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
LA  - eng
GR  - No. 813843/European Union's Horizon 2020/
GR  - PROJ-00872/European Fund for Regional Development/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20230505
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
RN  - S88TT14065 (Oxygen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Infant, Newborn
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Respiratory Rate
MH  - *Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared/methods
MH  - Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
MH  - Hemodynamics
MH  - Apnea
MH  - Oxygen
PMC - PMC10181728
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - cerebral oxygenation
OT  - near-infrared spectroscopy
OT  - neonates
OT  - respiratory rate
OT  - signal quality assessment
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2023/05/13 15:12
MHDA- 2023/05/15 06:42
PMCR- 2023/05/05
CRDT- 2023/05/13 01:40
PHST- 2023/03/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2023/05/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2023/05/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2023/05/15 06:42 [medline]
PHST- 2023/05/13 15:12 [pubmed]
PHST- 2023/05/13 01:40 [entrez]
PHST- 2023/05/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s23094487 [pii]
AID - sensors-23-04487 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s23094487 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2023 May 5;23(9):4487. doi: 10.3390/s23094487.