PMID- 37189112 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20230517 LR - 20230529 IS - 1478-811X (Electronic) IS - 1478-811X (Linking) VI - 21 IP - 1 DP - 2023 May 15 TI - Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases. PG - 110 LID - 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5 [doi] LID - 110 AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) in the genome of this virus. S, M, H, and E proteins are structural proteins, and NSPs include accessory and replicase proteins. The structural and NSP components of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in its infectivity, and some of them may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, including cancer, coagulation disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with targets such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can stimulate pathological intracellular signaling pathways by triggering transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), CD147, and Eph receptors, which play important roles in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, and multiple cancers such as glioblastoma, lung malignancies, and leukemias. Several compounds such as polyphenols, doxazosin, baricitinib, and ruxolitinib could inhibit these interactions. It has been demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a stronger affinity for human ACE2 than the spike protein of SARS-CoV, leading the current study to hypothesize that the newly produced variant Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds to human ACE2 more strongly than the primary strain. SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) viruses against structural and NSPs have become resistant to previous vaccines. Therefore, the review of recent studies and the performance of current vaccines and their effects on COVID-19 and related diseases has become a vital need to deal with the current conditions. This review examines the potential role of these SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the initiation of chronic diseases, and it is anticipated that these proteins could serve as components of an effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19 and related diseases. Video Abstract. CI - (c) 2023. The Author(s). FAU - Kakavandi, Sareh AU - Kakavandi S AD - Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. FAU - Zare, Iman AU - Zare I AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0056-5576 AD - Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran. FAU - VaezJalali, Maryam AU - VaezJalali M AD - Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. FAU - Dadashi, Masoud AU - Dadashi M AD - Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. AD - Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. FAU - Azarian, Maryam AU - Azarian M AD - Department of Radiology, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany. FAU - Akbari, Abdullatif AU - Akbari A AD - Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. AD - Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. FAU - Ramezani Farani, Marzieh AU - Ramezani Farani M AD - Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea. FAU - Zalpoor, Hamidreza AU - Zalpoor H AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8057-2804 AD - Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. hamidreza.zlpr1998@gmail.com. AD - Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. hamidreza.zlpr1998@gmail.com. FAU - Hajikhani, Bahareh AU - Hajikhani B AD - Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. b.hajikhani@gmail.com. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Review PT - Video-Audio Media DEP - 20230515 PL - England TA - Cell Commun Signal JT - Cell communication and signaling : CCS JID - 101170464 RN - 0 (spike protein, SARS-CoV-2) RN - EC 3.4.17.23 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) RN - EC 3.4.15.1 (Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A) SB - IM MH - Humans MH - *COVID-19 MH - SARS-CoV-2 MH - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism MH - COVID-19 Drug Treatment MH - Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry/metabolism MH - Protein Binding PMC - PMC10183699 OTO - NOTNLM OT - COVID-19 OT - Non-structural proteins OT - SARS-CoV-2 OT - Structural proteins OT - Vaccine COIS- The authors declare no competing interests. EDAT- 2023/05/16 01:09 MHDA- 2023/05/17 06:42 PMCR- 2023/05/15 CRDT- 2023/05/15 23:37 PHST- 2022/11/06 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/03/15 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/05/17 06:42 [medline] PHST- 2023/05/16 01:09 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/05/15 23:37 [entrez] PHST- 2023/05/15 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5 [pii] AID - 1104 [pii] AID - 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Cell Commun Signal. 2023 May 15;21(1):110. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5.