PMID- 37193856 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20230915 LR - 20230922 IS - 1759-5010 (Electronic) IS - 1759-5002 (Linking) VI - 20 IP - 10 DP - 2023 Oct TI - Cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, assessment and prevention. PG - 685-695 LID - 10.1038/s41569-023-00877-z [doi] AB - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Secular changes in CVD outcomes have occurred over the past few decades, mainly due to a decline in the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. The onset of T2DM at a young age (<40 years), leading to a greater number of life-years lost, has also become increasingly common. Researchers are now looking beyond established risk factors in patients with T2DM towards the role of ectopic fat and, potentially, haemodynamic abnormalities in mediating important outcomes (such as heart failure). T2DM confers a wide spectrum of risk and is not necessarily a CVD risk equivalent, indicating the importance of risk assessment strategies (such as global risk scoring, consideration of risk-enhancing factors and assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis) to inform treatment. Data from epidemiological studies and clinical trials demonstrate that successful control of multiple risk factors can reduce the risk of CVD events by >/=50%; however, only